18 Anatomy of blood vessels Joe Pistack MSED Circulatory system Circulatory System consists of the heart and blood vessels The blood vessels are a series of connected hollow tubes that begin and end in the heart ID: 175405
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Chapter" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Chapter 18 Anatomy of blood vessels
Joe Pistack MS/EDSlide2
Circulatory system
Circulatory System consists of the heart and blood vessels.
The blood vessels are a series of connected, hollow tubes that begin and end in the heart.
Slide3
Pulmonary circulation
Carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary circulation transports unoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen is loaded and carbon dioxide is unloaded.Slide4
Systemic circulation
The larger circulation.
Blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Provides the blood supply to the rest of the body.
Carries oxygen and other nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and other waste.Slide5
Blood vessels
Highway of the body.
Classified as:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood vessels are composed of three layers except for capillaries.Slide6
Arteries
Called conductance vessels, carry blood away from the heart.
Thick wall with three layers
:
1 -
Tunica
intima
-innermost layer, continuous with the
endocardium, blood flows easily here.Slide7
Arteries
2 - Tunica
media-middle layer, thickest layer, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle. Made up of elastic tissue and smooth muscle, capable of stretching in response to the pumping of blood by the heart.Slide8
Arteries
3 -Tunica
adventitia-the outer layer, composed of tough connective tissue, function is to support and protect.
Arterioles-the smallest artery, numerous and branch out.Slide9
Capillaries
Smallest and most numerous of all blood vessels.
Close to every cell, numerous, provide the cells with oxygen and nutrients.Slide10
Arterioles
Smallest of the arteries.
Composed of smooth muscle that contract and relax.
Called resistance
vessels -
able to change
their size which alters the pressure in the
blood to less resistance when dilated and more resistance when constricted.Slide11
Capillaries
Have the thinnest walls of all blood vessels.
Single layer epithelium on a delicate basement membrane.
Called exchange
vessels -
allow
the
exchange of
nutrients, gases
and waste.Slide12
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Smallest veins are called venules.
The largest veins empty the blood into the right atrium of the heart.Slide13
Venules
Converge from capillaries.
Wall of
venule
is slightly thicker than capillary wall.
Pressure in veins is less than pressure in the arteries.Slide14
Veins
Most veins contain one-way valves which direct the flow of blood toward the heart.
Called capacitance vessels, store about 70% of our blood volume.
When stored blood is needed, the veins constrict and move blood to the heart for circulation.Slide15
Major arteries of systemic circulation
Aorta
Largest of all arteries.
Average diameter of a garden hose.
Originates in the left ventricle of the heart, curves in an
archlike
fashion and descends through the thorax.Slide16
aorta
The aorta ends in the pelvic cavity where it splits into two common iliac arteries.
The aorta is divided into segments, each named according to two systems.Slide17
Aorta
System I, path that the aorta follows as it courses through the body.
Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Descending aortaSlide18
aorta
System II, path named according to location within the body cavities.
1. thoracic aorta
2. abdominal aortaSlide19
aorta
Arteries arise directly from the aorta or from vessels that are branches of the aorta.
The ascending aorta arises from the left ventricle, begins at the aortic
semilunar
valve and extends to the aortic arch.Slide20
Aorta
Right and left coronary arteries branch from the ascending aorta.
Coronary arteries are distributed throughout the heart and supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.Slide21
Branches of the Aortic Arch
The aortic arch extends from the ascending aorta to the beginning of the descending aorta.
Three large arteries arise from the aortic arch
:
1.
brachiocephalic
artery-supplies blood to the right side of the head, neck, right shoulder, and right upper extremity.Slide22
Branches of the descending aorta
(Thoracic aorta)
Upper portion of the descending aorta. It extends from the aortic arch to the diaphragm.
Intercostal
arteries
arise from the aorta and supply the
intercostal
muscles between the ribs.Slide23
Branches of the aortic arch
2.
Left common carotid artery-
extends upward from the highest point of the aortic arch and supplies the left side of the head and neck.
3.
Left & right
subclavian
arteries
supply blood to the shoulders and upper arms.Slide24
Branches of the descending aorta
(Abdominal aorta)
Extends from the thoracic aorta to the lower abdomen.
Branches include:
1.
celiac
trunk-short artery that divides into the gastric artery, splenic artery, and hepatic artery.Slide25
Branches of the descending aorta
2. Two mesenteric arteries are the
:
1. superior
mesenteric artery-supplies most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine.
2
. inferior mesenteric
artery - supplies
the rest of the large intestine.Slide26
Branches of the descending aorta
3. Renal
arteries-supply blood to the right and left kidneys.
4. The
common iliac arteries-supply the pelvic organs, thigh, and lower extremities.
Slide27
Veins of the systemic circulation
Superficial veins-located superficially and can be seen.
Deep veins-located more deeply and usually run parallel to the arteries.
The names of the deep veins are the same name as the companion artery, with few exceptions.
Ex. Femoral artery is accompanied by the femoral vein.Slide28
Venae Cavae
Veins carry blood from all parts of the body to the
venae
cava for delivery to the heart.
The
venae
cava is the main vein.
Divided into the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava.Slide29
Superior venae cava
Veins draining blood from the head, the shoulders, and the upper extremities empty into the SVC.
Veins may drain directly or indirectly.Slide30
Superior Vena Cava
Veins that empty into the SVC:
The cephalic vein
The
basilic
veinSubclavian veinsExternal jugular veins
Internal jugular veins
Brachiocephalic
veinsAzygos veinSlide31
Inferior vena cava
IVC returns blood to the heart from all regions of the body.
Veins that empty into the IVC:
Tibial
veins
Peroneal veinsFemoral veins
Great
saphenous
veinsRenal veinsHepatic veinsSlide32
Varicose Veins
Veins that are distended and twisted, usually involving the superficial veins of the legs.Slide33
Varicose veins
Caused by a structural
defect
in the vessel wall.
Dilation of the vessel can lead to incompetent venous valves.
Blood will backflow and pool inside the vein.Slide34
Blood supply to the head and brain
Brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen.
Rich supply of blood is supplied by two pair of arteries, the carotid arteries and the
vertebral arteries.Slide35
Arteries of the head and neck
Right common artery-arises from the
brachiocephalic
artery
.
Left common artery arises directly from the aortic arch.
Common artery splits into the external and internal carotid arteries.Slide36
Arteries of the head and neck
External carotid arteries supply the superficial areas of the neck, face, and scalp.
Internal carotid arteries extend to the front part of the base of the brain.
Inside the cranium, each internal carotid artery divides to supply numerous parts of the brain.Slide37
Arteries of the head and neck
Vertebral arteries-pass upward from the
subclavian
arteries toward the brain and the back of the neck.
The basilar artery is an extension of the vertebral artery, numerous branches supply the brain, brain stem, and cerebellum.Slide38
Circle of willis
Circular arrangement of arteries that penetrate the brain and maintain the rich blood supply.
If the carotid arteries become blocked, the arteries cannot supply sufficient blood to the brain resulting in impaired brain function as observed in dizziness and impaired cognitive thinking.Slide39
Venous drainage of the head and brain
External and internal jugular veins are the two major veins that drain blood from the head and neck.
The external jugular veins are more superficial and drain blood from the posterior head and neck region.
The internal jugular veins drain the anterior head, face, and neck.Slide40
Blood supply to the liver and hepatic portal circulation
Three groups of blood vessels are associated with hepatic circulation
:
1. The portal vein
2. The hepatic veins
3. The hepatic arterySlide41
Hepatic Portal circulation
Portal vein is a large vein that carries blood from the organs of digestion to the liver.
Formed by the union of two large veins
:
1
.
Superior
mesenteric vein
2.
Splenic
veinSlide42
Hepatic portal circulation
Purpose:
Carry blood rich in digestive end products from organs of digestion to the liver.
Liver needs easy access to the digestive and end products to aid in metabolism.Slide43
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Liver prevents nitrogen from entering the general circulation as ammonia.
Nitrogen is excreted by the liver into the blood in the form of urea.
Urea is less toxic than ammonia and is excreted by the kidneys.Slide44
The liver
Largest organ in the body.
Essential for keeping the body functioning properly.
Functions:
1. Removes poisons from the blood.
2. Produces immune agents to control infection.
3. Removes germs and bacteria in the blood.
4. Makes proteins that regulate blood clotting.
5. Produces bile to help absorb fats and
fat- soluble
vitamins.
Cannot live without a functioning liver.
Slide45
Cirrhosis of the liver
Scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue.
Scar tissue blocks the normal flow of blood through the liver.
Liver is unable to function properly.Slide46
Splanchnic Circulation
Blood flow to the stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines and liver.
Blood flow is very adjustable.
Blood flow may increase up to eight times following a meal.
When digestion is complete, the blood can be diverted to other organs.Slide47
Swimming after Eating
Should not go for a vigorous swim after eating.
Your
splanchnic
blood vessels are using the blood to digest the food that your swimming skeletal muscles need.Slide48
Pulse
Pulse-
the pressure wave that is created by the expansion and recoiling of the arteries with each heart beat.
Rhythmic contraction of the ventricles of the heart.
Most common site is the wrist.
Normal heart rate is about 72 beats per minute.Slide49
Pulse
Pulse Points:
Temporal
Facial
Carotid
BrachialRadialFemoral
Popliteal
Posterior
tibialDorsalis
pedis