Evolutionary Trees Family trees Great grandmother Grandmother Great aunt Great uncle Mother Aunt Aunt Second cousin Second cousin Second cousin You Brother Sister Cousin 1 st Cousin once removed ID: 461504
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Slide1
Exploring
Evolutionary
TreesSlide2
Family trees
Great
grandmother
Grandmother
Great aunt
Great uncle
MotherAunt
Aunt
Second cousin
Second cousin
Second cousin
You
Brother
Sister
Cousin
1
st
Cousin once removed
1
st
Cousin once removed
1
st
Cousin once removedSlide3
Family trees
Great
grandmother
Grandmother
Great aunt
Great uncle
MotherAunt
Aunt
Second cousin
Second cousin
Second cousin
You
Brother
Sister
Cousin
1
st
Cousin once removed
1
st
Cousin once removed
1
st
Cousin once removedSlide4
Family trees
Mother
Aunt
Aunt
Second cousin
Second cousin
Second cousin
You
Brother
Sister
Cousin
1
st
Cousin once removed
1
st
Cousin once removed
1
st
Cousin once removedSlide5
Evolutionary trees
Species 7
Species 8
Species 4
Species 3
Species 5
Species 6
Species 1
Species 2
Species 9Slide6
Domestic
Cat
Near Eastern Wildcat
S African Wildcat
European Wildcat
Sand Cat
Jungle Cat
Chinese Desert Cat
Trees show you which species are most closely relatedSlide7
Domestic
Cat
Near Eastern Wildcat
S African Wildcat
European Wildcat
Sand Cat
Jungle Cat
Chinese Desert Cat
Dry habitat
Cold habitat
Dry & cold
Trees can tell you if certain traits are more common in specific environmentsSlide8
Domestic
Cat
Near Eastern Wildcat
S African Wildcat
European Wildcat
Sand Cat
Jungle Cat
Chinese Desert Cat
Stocky body
Stocky body
Stocky body
Trait changes can be drawn on the tree to show where they evolvedSlide9
Domestic
Cat
Near Eastern Wildcat
S African Wildcat
European Wildcat
Sand Cat
Jungle Cat
Chinese Desert Cat
Stocky body
Lean body
Stocky body
Goal: minimize the number of changes
= parsimony
Lean bodySlide10
Let’s practiceSlide11
Let’s practice
Mosses
Vascular tissue
Ferns
Seeds
Pine Trees
Flowering plants
FlowersSlide12
How did these color patterns arise?
Hofmann et al. 2008
Altimira
Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
New World Orioles
come in shades of yellow and orange with contrasting black
Sometimes males and females look the same, other
times different
Authors’ question
:
Which came first, bright females or dull females?Slide13
How did these color patterns arise?
Hofmann et al. 2008
Altimira
Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
New World Orioles
come in shades of yellow and orange with contrasting black
Sometimes males and females look the same, other
times different
Brainstorm
: How could bright colors be adaptive for a bird?
How could bright colors be costly?Slide14
Tree Exercise Part 1Slide15
Sometimes trees from genetic data have surprisesSlide16
Altimira
Oriole
Yellow Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
Black-backed Oriole
Yellow-backed Oriole
Audubon’s Oriole
Scott’s Oriole
b
right yellow (F)
b
lack back (F)
y
ellow-orange (F)
y
ellow-orange (M)
o
range (M)
l
ight yellow (F)
bright yellow (F)
b
lack back (F)
Published TreeSlide17
Altimira
Oriole
Yellow Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
Black-backed Oriole
Yellow-backed Oriole
Audubon’s Oriole
Scott’s Oriole
b
right yellow (F)
b
lack back (F)
y
ellow-orange (F)
y
ellow-orange (M)
o
range (M)
l
ight yellow (F)
bright yellow (F)
b
lack back (F)
Published Tree
Female color has gotten brighter 4 different times
and duller once
….but male color only changed onceSlide18
Altimira
Oriole
Yellow Oriole
Baltimore Oriole
Black-backed Oriole
Yellow-backed Oriole
Audubon’s Oriole
Scott’s Oriole
b
right yellow (F)
b
lack back (F)
y
ellow-orange (F)
y
ellow-orange (M)
o
range (M)
l
ight yellow (F)
bright yellow (F)
b
lack back (F)
Published Tree
Female ancestor
: medium yellow, gray backSlide19
Altimira
Oriole
(yellow-orange F)
Yellow Oriole
(bright yellow F)
Baltimore Oriole
(medium yellow F)
Black-backed Oriole
(light yellow F)
Yellow-backed Oriole
(bright yellow F)
Audubon’s Oriole
(bright yellow F)
Scott’s Oriole
(medium yellow F)
s
pecies migrates
species doesn’t migrate
Trees can be tools for testing
why
traits evolvedSlide20
Why do we tend to find bright colors in
non-migratory females?
more social competition
less social competitionSlide21
Recap
Evolutionary trees are similar to family trees and
show descendants from a common ancestorSlide22
Recap
Evolutionary trees are similar to family trees and
show descendants from a common ancestor
Evolutionary trees show which species are most
closely relatedSlide23
Recap
Evolutionary trees are similar to family trees and
show descendants from a common ancestor
Evolutionary trees show which species are most
closely related
Evolutionary trees are used by biologists to determine
when particular traits evolvedSlide24
Recap
Evolutionary trees are similar to family trees and
show descendants from a common ancestor
Evolutionary trees show which species are most
closely related
Evolutionary trees are used by biologists to determine
when particular traits evolved
Trees built using more data are more accurate- gene sequences are the bestSlide25
Recap
Evolutionary trees are similar to family trees and
show descendants from a common ancestor
Evolutionary trees show which species are most
closely related
Evolutionary trees are used by biologists to determine
when particular traits evolved
Evolutionary trees can be combined with environment or lifestyle data to test hypotheses for why traits might have evolved
Trees built using more data are more accurate-
gene sequences are the best