Isabella Beeton Mrs Beetons Book of Household Management 1861 It is not unknown to some of our readers that Dr Dauglish of Malvern has recently patented a process for making bread light without the use of leaven The new process impregnates the bread by ID: 544451
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Slide1
Industrial FoodSlide2
Isabella
Beeton, Mrs
Beeton’s
Book of Household Management (1861)
‘It is not unknown to some of our readers that Dr
Dauglish
, of Malvern, has recently patented a process for making bread ‘light’ without the use of leaven. . . The new process impregnates the bread, by the application of machinery, with carbonic acid gas, or fixed air. Different opinions are expressed about the bread; but it is curious to note, that, as corn is now reaped by machinery, and dough is baked by machinery, the whole process of bread-making is probably in course of undergoing changes which will emancipate both the housewife and the professional baker from a large amount of labour.
’Slide3
Magazine edited by Isabella Beeton and her husband
Nature of the recipes changed over the magazine’s lifetime in ways that reflect the increasing ‘
industrialisation
’ of food.Slide4
‘industrial food’
‘foods
that are mass produced in a factory setting and require no or very little cooking to make them edible. These foods are also packaged which make them highly portable. Examples of industrial foods are commercially canned goods; frozen foods; ice cream; breads, cakes, and pies purchased at bakeries and/or groceries and supermarkets; cake mixes; hot and cold cereals; instant mashed potatoes; pastry/pie shell mixes; and jams and jellies.
’
Gabriella
Petrick
, ‘Industrial Food’,
Oxford Handbook of Food
History
(2012
).Slide5
‘industrial food’
Foods that reflect a complex of new, 19
th
-century technological developments in:
preserving
mechanisation
r
etailing
t
ransport
Jack Goody
, ‘Industrial
Food: Towards the Development of a World Cuisine’,
Cooking, Cuisine and Class
(1982)
.Slide6
Preservation: Canning
Modern process invented by Nicolas
Appert
(1795)
--fish, condensed milk, evaporated milk, vegetables, meats . . .
By 1924
two million hundredweight of condensed milk
was imported annually into the UK
.Slide7
Preservation: Canning
‘
By 1880 50 million tins of sardines were being packed annually on the west coast of France, three million of which were exported to Britain. The world of industrial food had begun.’
(
Jack
Goody, ‘Industrial
Food’)Slide8
Preservation: Dehydration and Concentration
--powdered
milk, meat extract, bouillon, meat powder
. . .
Liebig Company
m
eat extract (1880s)Slide9
Preservation: Freezing and Chilling
--meat, fish, vegetables
Chilled beef
Arriving in
London
1923Slide10
Mechanisation
Important in both agriculture (harvesters, etc.) and manufacturing.
Biscuit production was one of the first to be
mechanised
—mixing, rolling,
cutting.
--Huntley and Palmers biscuits (1841)
Slide11
Mechanisation
: Preparing PeachesDel Monte Factory (1930)Slide12
Mechanisation: An Example
Modern breakfast
c
ereals Steam power essential for manufacturing:
m
ixing
, flaking, toasting, puffing, extrudingSlide13
Mechanisation
: Canning
Workers in the
labelling
and packing section of a tinned salmon production line in a Vancouver factory (1940)Slide14
Mechanisation: Canning
A master canner could make 60 cans a day by hand.
With
a Howe’s ‘Little Joker’ Lidding device (1870s
) . . .
‘one
workman and a boy could put tops and bottoms on 1,500 can bodies a day
’.Slide15
Mechanisation: Canning
But a
Reinerts
non round can seamer
(1905) . . .
could
seam 8,000 cans a
day
.
. . . . From
60
cans a day to
8,000
cans a day.Slide16
Mechanisation
: Canning
‘The
introduction of the
Reinerts
was to lead to the disappearance of the ancient trade of can
soldering.’
‘A
family business that started up in Bilbao more than one hundred YEARS AGO’, http://
www.somme.com
/en/company/history.Slide17
Mechanisation: Canning
Unionisation
:
--Can Makers Mutual Protective Association formed
in 1884 (USA)
StrikesSlide18
Mechanisation
1913 Ford Assembly LineSlide19
Mechanisation
Tomato factory in the USA (1930)Slide20
Assembly Lines and Disassembly Lines
‘
Disassembly Line’, Cincinnati Hogs (1873)Slide21
Transport: Railways
Wheat ready for
loading
at
a station on the
Central Argentine Railway
(circa 1910)Slide22
Transport: Railways
Central
Argentine Railway
bringing cattle to Barrancosa
(Argentina).Slide23
Transport: Refrigerator Ships
Le Frigorifique
(1876)
)Slide24
Retail: Branding
B
randing erases
the actual origin of a food, replacing it with a brand
.
Richard
Wilk,
Home Cooking in the Global
Village
(
2006)Slide25
Retail: Branding
Branded products (Lea &
Perrins
, Frys, Heinz, Kelloggs . . .)
Branded shops (Thomas Lipton Groceries, Lyons Tea Shops . . .)Slide26
Retail: Advertising
Hovis
Bread Advertisement (1958)1932 Advertisement Slide27
Retail: Advertising
Shredded Wheat (invented 1892)
1909 Advertisement
Grape Nuts
(invented 1898)
1918
AdvertisementSlide28
Retail: Anxieties about Pure Food
Branding plays on concerns about adulteration—guarantees of purity.
Upton Sinclair,
The Jungle (1906)US Pure Food, Drink, and Drugs
Act
(1906)
Slide29
Industrial Food and the British Empire
Early
tinned foods
travelled around the empire—India, Batavia, Hong Kong, Gibraltar, Manila, West Indies . .
.Slide30
Industrial Food and the British Empire
‘
Whether for European troops deployed up Egypt’s Nile River, explorers seeking the Pole, or emissaries of the British Raj in India, canned foods ranging from green peas to steak and kidney pudding and potted beef became essential accoutrements of imperial ventures.’
Jayeeta Sharma, ‘Food and Empire’,
Oxford Handbooks of Food History
, ed. Jeffrey Pilcher
(2012
)
Slide31
Industrial Food and the British Empire
Troy
Bickham
:
imperial
goods penetrated deeply into everyday life in Britain.
Troy
Bickham
, ‘Eating the Empire: Intersections of Food, Cookery and Imperialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain’,
Past and Present
(2008) Slide32
Bickham
, ‘Eating the Empire’
Imperial
goods were advertised
specifically
as
imperial
Imperial foods were
marketed
nationally, using
advertisements
that reached many British consumers
Imperial foods reached the UK through new systems of
transport
(‘the
economic machinery that transported tea from China to Mary Smith’s Cotswold home was a remarkably efficient
one.’)
‘
Eating connected the British to their empire as foods became not only the most abundant products of imperial trade, but also the empire’s most prevalent symbols.
’