1 2 Kinds of moral luck 2 21 Luck in how things turn out 2 22 Constitutive luck ID: 11020
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\Anenviouspersonhatesthegreatersuccessofothers.Hecanbemorallycondemnedasenviousevenifhecongratulatesthemcordiallyanddoesnothingtodenigrateorspoiltheirsuccess....Tosomeextentsuchaqualitymaybetheproductofearlierchoices;tosomeextentitmaybeamenabletochangebycurrentactions.Butitislargelyamatterofconstitutivebadfortune.Yetpeoplearemorallycondemnedforsuchqualities,andesteemedforothersequallybeyondthecontrolofthewill:theyareassessedforwhattheyarelike."2.3Luckinone'scircumstancesNageldescribeshisthirdcategoryofmoralluckasfollows:\Thethingswearecalledupontodo,themoraltestsweface,areimportantlydeterminedbyfactorsbeyondourcontrol.Itmaybetrueofsomeonethatinadangeroussituationhewouldbehaveinacowardlyorheroicfashion,butifthesituationneverarises,hewillneverhavethechancetodistinguishordisgracehimselfinthisway,andhismoralrecordwillbedi erent."TheexampleofNaziGermany.2.4LuckinhowoneisdeterminedbyantecedentcircumstancesTheproblemthatallofone'sactions,includingone'sinneractsofwill,seemtobethee ectsofeventsbeyondone'scontrol:\Ifonecannotberesponsibleforconsequencesofone'sactsduetofactorsbeyondone'scontrol,orforantecedentsofone'sactsthatarepropertiesoftemperamentnotsubjecttoone'swill,orforthecircumstancesthatposeone'smoralchoices,thenhowcanoneberesponsibleevenforthestripped-downactsofthewillitself,iftheyaretheproductofantecedentcircumstancesoutsideofthewill'scontrol?"Theproblemoffreewillandthecausationofone'sactsbyeventsoutsideofoneself.3Threeresponsestotheproblemofmoralluck1.Skepticism.Nagelstatesthispositionwell:\Inbelievethatinasensetheproblemhasnosolution,becausesomethingintheideaofagencyisincompatiblewithactionsbeingevents,orpeoplebeingthings.Butastheexternaldeterminantsofwhatsomeonehasdonearegraduallyexposed,intheire ectonconsequences,character,andchoiceitself,itbecomesgraduallyclearthatactionsareeventsandpeoplethings.Eventuallynothingremainswhichcanbeascribedtotheresponsibleself,andweareleftwithnothingbut3