Miami Beach Senior High The Nixon Years A Crisis of Authority The Youth Culture Liberation The New Left Students for a Democratic Society SDS University of California at Berkeley The Free Speech Movement ID: 689035
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Mr. ErmerU.S. HistoryMiami Beach Senior High
The Nixon Years: A Crisis of AuthoritySlide2
The Youth Culture “Liberation”
The New LeftStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS)University of California at Berkeley
The Free Speech Movement
People’s Park
The Counterculture
Hippies & Haight-Ashbury
Communal Living
Rejection of traditional values
Drugs & “Free Sex”
Rock & Roll
The BeatlesSlide3Slide4
Mobilization of MinoritiesNative Americans
Eisenhower’s “Termination”Federal government attempts to move Native Americans into mainstream
Tribes deprived of legal status, remanded to the state governments, ended in 1958
Indian Civil Rights Movement/American Indian Movement (AIM)
Declaration of Indian Purpose fights anti-Native prejudice
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
United States v. Wheeler (1978) calls termination unconstitutionalOccupation movementsLatino ActivismFlood of new immigrants from Latin America after WWII
“Chicano Activism” and La Raza
Unida
Cesar Chavez and migrant workers’ rightsSlide5Slide6
Feminism1960s-70s: Feminism emerges as powerful force in American society
Kennedy’s President’s Commission on the Status of WomenEqual Pay ActTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1963: Betty Friedan’s
The Feminine Mystique
National Organization for Women (NOW)
1972: Congress approves Equal Rights Amendment to Constitution
Is not ratified by the states, backlash against feminism1973: Roe v. Wade decision invalidates all laws prohibiting early term abortions
Based on the newly established “right to privacy” resulting from
Griswold v. Connecticut
(1965)Slide7
Nixonian Foreign Policy
National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger dominates foreign policy of Nixon AdministrationBelief in a “multi-polar” world, new international order
1969: Nixon meets Soviet leaders in Helsinki, Finland for talks
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)
1972: Nixon visits China and “opens” Chinese to trade
Helps Communist China’s government enter United Nations
Nixon DoctrineDefend allies in Third World, aid development, but leave “basic responsibility” of the future of those “friends” to nations themselvesSix-Day War (1967)
Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, Jordan—Israel gains new territories
Palestinian refugee count increases in Jordan and Lebanon
Yom Kippur War (1973)
Arab Oil Embargo of 1973
United States presses Israel to accept ceasefire in order to keep Arab allies Slide8Slide9
The Nixon Years at HomeDefends the interests of the “Silent Majority”
Reduce federal “interference” in local affairsSlowed the pace of school integration by bussingAttempt to dismantle Great Society & New Frontier legislation
Abolishes Office of Economic Opportunity
Attempt to replace welfare system with Family Assistance Plan
Does not pass the Senate, welfare reform tabled
Election of 1972
Nixon vs. George McGovern (ultra-liberal democrat)Nixon wins in landslideSlide10Slide11
Nixon and the Supreme CourtWarren Court of 1950s and 60s seen as too liberal
Roth v. United States (1957): limits states’ ability to ban pornography
Engle v. Vitale
(1962): School prayer violates First Amendment
Gideon v. Wainwright
(1963): right to a trial attorney
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964): right to an attorney before questioningMiranda v. Arizona (1966): authorities must inform suspects of his rightsBaker v. Carr
(1962): Apportioning of voting districts to ensure equality
Chief Justice Earl Warren retires in 1969, Nixon appoints conservative federal judge Warren Burger
Another justice spot opens, Senate rejects two conservative nominations
Nixon nominates Harry Blackmun, a moderate
Nixon also appoints two more justices, Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist
Burger Court not as conservative as Nixon hoped
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Eduacation
(1971): forced bussing
Furman v. Georgia
(1972): strict test for capital punishment law
Roe v. Wade
(1973)
More moderate decisions include
Milliken v. Bradley
(1974) and
Bakke v. Board of Regents of California
(1978)Slide12
Nixon & the EconomyFunding 1960s social programs and Vietnam without raising taxes brings increased deficit spending—leads to inflation
Dollar begins to lose value relative to other currenciesOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
After Arab Oil Embargo, OPEC raises price of oil by 400%
Deindustrialization
Industrial jobs being replaced by “knowledge based jobs”
Rising income inequality
Stagflation: rising cost of living with decreased economic performanceNixon tries to tackle inflation by decreasing money supply, raising interestWage and price controls for federal agencies
Value of dollar continues to slideSlide13Slide14
Watergate & the PresidencyChanges to Presidency
Nixon seeks, sometimes illegally, to exercise powerJune 17, 1972: seven men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee office at the Watergate building
Washington Post
connects Committee for the Reelection of the President
More illegalities, cover-up discovered
Senate calls for release of Oval Office Recording System tapes
“Executive Privilege” “Saturday Night Massacre”United States v. Richard M. Nixon, court rules tapes must be turned over
Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns for his own scandal
Replaced by Gerald Ford
August 8, 1974: Nixon resigns office, Ford sworn in as president
Ford pardons Nixon, “Our long national nightmare is over”Slide15Slide16
Work on it:On page 442, write and answer questions 1-5