Altered States of Consciousness pt. 1 (2-4%) - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Altered States of Consciousness pt. 1 (2-4%)

http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1510

Engage Hyper LinkSlide2

Why is sleep important?

To rest and repair (physically and mentally)

To consolidate memories and skills

Necessary for brain developmentProtective

https://

encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSaF3jaupMlhpvBHFxwdPr3pph2XZ-YbtBvuZsoDNEn7GJ9sLf8Slide3

Biological Rhythms

Annual Cycles:

seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)

28 day cycles:

menstrual cycle.

24 hour cycle:

our circadian

rhythm or 25 hours?

90 minute cycle:

sleep cycles.

Circadian Rhythm

is our 24 hour biological clock.

Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day.Slide4

Circadian Rhythms

Many of our behaviors display rhythmic variation.

Circadian rhythms

One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle).

Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm.Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.Slide5

Biological

􀂄 Environmental cues

􀂄 When darkness falls, the eyes indirectly inform the

pineal gland

(responsible for the body’s naturalcycles and registering light and darkness).

􀂄 The pineal gland secretes the

hormone

melatonin

in response to darkness, making us

drows

y. This

affects the brain cells which produce Serotonin, a

sleep-related transmitter substance

.

􀂄 The serotonin is concentrated in the

Raphe

Nuclei

(near the

pons

), which secrete a substance that

acts to induce light sleep.Slide6

BiologicalSlide7

Measuring Sleep Changes

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Beta

Waves

: Small fast waves associated with alertness and

awakeness

Alpha

Waves

:

Large

, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep Slide8

Avoid Sleep Saboteurs

http://www.blog.iqmatrix.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/sleeping-avoid.jpgSlide9

Sleep Stages

There are

5 identified stages of sleep

.

It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages.The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in

.

The first four sages and know as NREM sleep

..

The fifth stage is called

REM

sleep.Slide10

Stages of Sleep

Stage 1:

Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep

Hypnic

Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur

Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-wave activity of half second or longer)

Stage 3:

Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls.

Stage 4:

Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) – less blood flow to the brainSlide11

Stage Five: REM SLEEP

REM:

Rapid Eye Movement

This is a very active stage of sleep.

Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep.

Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2Slide12

States of Sleep (REM & Non-REM)

Non-REM (

NREM

) Sleep:

Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs. Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light.

REM Behavioral Disorder.Slide13

How much sleep do we need?We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics.

But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep?Slide14

Theories of Dreaming

Psychoanalytic:

Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.

Manifest versus latent content

Biological:

Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.

Cognitive:

Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.

© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7ESlide15

Theories of Sleep

Repair/Restoration

Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue

Survival ValueSleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators

Necessary for brain developmentTo twitch?? The young twitch moreSlide16

The Science of Sleep pt. ½ 60 minutes

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Wr-ZzG1MrISlide17

The Science of sleep pt. 2/2 60 minutes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDm4vpLu964&feature=relmfuSlide18

DreamsA sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

Manifest Content:

the remembered storyline of a dream

. (what the man thinks it is)

Latent Content:

the underlying meaning of a dream

. (what your dream really means)Slide19

Manifest contentWhat a man thinks it means.

Man, “what’s wrong?”

Woman, “nothing.”

Man thinks that nothing is wrong!!Slide20

Latent Content What does it really mean?

Dream InterpretationSlide21

WHY DO WE DREAM!?

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

:

Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during REM sleep

Problem Solving

Dreams focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solutionThreat simulation

Dreams evolved to help us practice skills we need to avoid threats.

Slide22

Freud’s wish-fulfillment TheoryDreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts.

Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our unconscious.

Manifest and latent contentSlide23

“Sometimes, a

cigar is just a cigar.”

- Freud, on the

meaning of dreams

A.K.A.

Psychoanalytic theory

:

Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties

Manifest Content:

symbols used to disguise true meaning of dream

Latent Content

: true unconscious meaning of a dream

Wish Fulfillment

–

Freud’s

DreamTheory

…Slide24

Conscious

Subconscious

UnconsciousSlide25

Information-Processing Theory

Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day.

REM sleep does increase after stressful events.Slide26

Physiological Function Theories

Activation-Synthesis Theory

:

during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.Slide27

Lucid Dreaming

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASf55cov5F8&feature=relatedSlide28

Sleep Duration in MammalsSlide29

Functions of Sleep

REM Sleep:

Consolidation of new memories

Role in learning

Absent in lower mammalsNon-REM sleepPeople deprived of all sleep show greater time spent in non-REM sleep the next night.Slide30

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Reduced immunity

Mood alteration

Reduced concentration and motivation

Increased irritabilityLapses in attentionReduced motor skillsSlide31

Sleep Disorders

Sleepwalking

(Somnambulism):

Occurs in

NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in

NREM sleepNight Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occur

Sleep Apnea:

Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoringSlide32

Sleep CataplaxySlide33

Sleep ApneaA sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary

reawakening.Slide34

Night Terrors

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.

Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.Slide35

Sleepwalking

Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives.

Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night. Slide36

Sleepwalking

The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer.

One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers.

Slide37

Insomnia

Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep.

It is common problem that most people

experience at least occasionally. Slide38

Dyssomnias

Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing

Narcolepsy: Sleep appears at odd times

Sleep attack

: urge to sleep during the day

Cataplexy: REM paralysis occurs, person is still consciousSlide39

Narcolepsy

It

is a condition that causes patients

to

fall asleep uncontrollably throughout

the day for periods lasting less than a

minute

to more than half an hour.Slide40

Hypnosis

Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted

Age regression

Past-life regression

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/TreatingPain/story?id=4047906Slide41

Hypnosis

Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility.

The hypnotic state is characterized by:

Narrow and focused attention

ImaginationPassive receptive attitude

Reduced reaction to painHeightened suggestibilitySlide42

Myths of Hypnosis

People can be hypnotized against their will.

People will do immoral things while hypnotized.

Hypnosis improves memory recall.

Hypnotized persons have special strength.Hypnosis is fake.Slide43

Altered States

Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness.

can involve body movements and posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathing

can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoriaSlide44

Day DreamingSlide45

Why do we daydream?

They can help us prepare for future events.

They can nourish our social development.

Can substitute for impulsive behavior.Slide46

Part Two: DRUGS

Drugs: Engage Hyperlink:

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/abuse.htmlSlide47

Drugs

Psychoactive Drug:

Substance capable of altering behavior

Stimulant:

Substance that increases activity in body and nervous systemDepressant:

Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous systemHallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions

http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=782Slide48

Drug Tolerance

Tolerance

Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…

After repeated

exposure, more

drug is needed

to produce

same effect

Drug dose

Drug

effect

Response to

first exposureSlide49

Physical & Psychological Dependence

Physical Dependence

:

Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drugWithdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drugPsychological Dependence

: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needsSlide50

StimulantsAmphetamines (Speed)Cocaine

Crack

“the crash”Slide51

CaffeineMost frequently used psychoactive drug

Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness

Caffeinism

: Physiological dependence on caffeine

Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Slide52

NicotineNatural stimulant found mainly in tobacco

May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors

Highly Addictive

Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in womenSlide53
Slide54

What is in a cigarette?Slide55

4-55

Second-hand smokeSlide56

Depressants

Barbiturates

:

Sedative drugs that depress brain activity

Induce sleep, promote talkativeness, social interactionBenzodiazepines

: Lower anxiety & tensionSafer than Barbiturates Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep

Drug Interaction

:

One drug increases the effect of another

GHB:

depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain

cleanerAlcohol

:

NOT a stimulant but

DOES lower inhibitions

Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine

Binge Drinking:

Five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women - Serious sign of alcohol abuse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFS3MY7rrsI

BBC's Horizon Is alcohol worseSlide57

Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.Slide58

Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

58

Fetal

Alcohol

SyndromeSlide59

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymiF-okrdMg&feature=related

Don't Drink and Drive Slide60

DepressantsOpiatesHeroin and morphine

Addition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are badSlide61

Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

Detoxification

:

Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins

Alcoholics

Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover. Slide62

Some Health Risks of Using MarijuanaCauses precancerous changes in lung cells.

Can suppress immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.

Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.

Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.