Evans 2 Arja Asikainen 1 Pauli Ordén 1 Introduction In the sciencepolicy interface we need better tools to synthesise discussions We tested whether freely expressed discussions can be ID: 652904
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Jouni T. Tuomisto1, John S. Evans2, Arja Asikainen1, Pauli Ordén1
IntroductionIn the science-policy interface, we need better tools to synthesise discussions. We tested whether freely expressed discussions can be synthesised into resolutions using a few simple rules. We aimed at understanding key issues, not at mutual agreement of participants. MethodsWe studied two case studies about controversial topics and reorganised the information produced by participants. The topic was defined as research questions, and all content was evaluated against capability to answer the questions. The content was summarised into statments and, if possible, organised hierarchically so that statements attacked or defended one another. Statements not backed up by data were given little weight. MaterialsThe first case was a scientific dispute about how to estimate attributable deaths of air pollution in Lelieveld et al., Nature 2015: 525(7569):367-71. Discussion between the authors and critics was reorganised to identify and clarify the essence of the dispute. The information structure produced by the rules showed that the main dispute was about whether excess fraction or etiologic fraction should have been used.
ResultsAttributable risk of air pollutionBased on the resolution of the structured discussion, we found out that Lelieveld et al made a common mistake about terms assuming that these are the same. Premature mortality refers to individuals who died earlier because of exposure to a pollutant. Excess fraction is the proportion of exposed cases that would not have got the disease during a defined time period without exposure on population level. Premature mortality cannot be estimated based on RR only, while excess risk can be estimated with (RR–1)/RR, where RR is the risk ratio.Shared understanding ConclusionsDisputes about even heated and controversial topics can be clarified, understood or even resolved by using a set of rules for participation and information synthesis. Complex topics, openness, or large number of lay people participation did not hamper the process. Such rules should be tested in resolving scientific disputes on a large scale. If successful, the use of science in the society could benefit from practices of open collaboration.
Otsikko 2 TheSans Bold 36/46 ptMahdolliset yhteistyökumppanien yhteystiedot tulevat leipiksen loppuun erilliseen kappaleeseen. Mahdolliset yhteistyökumppanien yhteystiedot tulevat leipiksen loppuun. Arial Italic 36/46 pt.
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Discussion rules as a method to resolve scientific
disputes: Case attributable risk of air pollution
ISEE, 1-4 September 2016,
Rome
,
Italy