University, Northridge, This article an English - PDF document

Waage and Gulberg University, Northridge, This article an English (I), Guldherg and Waage's first presentation, this translation appeared in of action. Unfortunately, no longer exist (3) and do not appear to the of Sciences "Experiments for Determin- (9). translation tries to stay as close as possible to the st& of the orieinal. Canseauentlv. it oresen& substances bv ~ ~~ 4~~ - - . ~ .. . Rneliah names in me in 18fi4. Brackets containing the modern .-.... ~~~~-~~~ -.. -~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ (4) Was#e. P. Forhnndiingcr i Videnrkobs-Selakobel i Chriafionio 1864,92. 15) Culdherg, C. M. Forhandlinger i Vidsmkobs-Soldnbel i Christiania Isbl,111. 161 Cu1dherg.C.M.; Wasgc,P.1'Et~des~rle~sffini~ehimiqueS.I:Chrisfianis,1867. 171 Guldherg. C. M.: Wasge, P. J.pmkl.cham. I21 1879,19,69. 181 '"Untersuchungen ilher diechemischen AffinifBUn. Ahhandlungenanden Jahren 1866.1861.1879von C.M. GuldbergundP. Waage,Uherretztund hersvageben R. Abegg': No. I04 in "Oltwsld's Klassiker der Exstten Wissonschsft": Englemann: Lcipzig. 1899. 19) Loicester. H. M.; KlicksUin. H. S., Ed8 "A Source Book in Chemistry. 14W- 19W1'; HarvardUniuersity:Cemhridge, 1963:p468. which previously prevailed the of action recog- nizd by all chemists to he un.iatisfactory.'I'his applies to the electrochemiral as wrll as the therrnochernical theories; it must generally be regarded as doubtful that one always occur to particular relationships and certain limits, can first type which according chemical compounds, by one of the three major types H [see noteD below] =This Is seems to have been or by these or, finally, a combination type. reckon second class alloys, and the solvent, individual silic- compounds, etc. chemical compounds without a doubt are to the forces which come and chemical compounds. following work consider only which involve chemical compounds. divided into: which always be classified two following (nl direct rombinatim uf tnurnol~culestoa new molecule (addi- tion! and, in rwerse, splitting ofa mderule intu tx,oothrrr; fhl d nnutual rxrhange or substitut~on of the constituent Darts could call (B) wbich always a sequence several simple cleavage processes, sal chlo- ride] from HCI NHa and, in reverse, its cleavage into HC1 and NHB. happens, for salts are salt, either before or process, is insoluble. ofa complex chemical process, where sim.1 ple cited above simulraneoulily, ia acts on a solution transformed partially copper oxide and the zinc oxide engage in unchanged vitriol icop~er sulfatel. to the lain; suifaLe.1 formrd, and the result of these two proresses is two basir salts. We have em~hasized above that for each two simple chemical process& composing or decom~osina, or an acting reacting, and-we vcew it as unavbidabi; necessary to one is any pression for these forces. ' We designate by a chemical process any phenomenon in which the chemical forces bring about a chemical change of the material. Annaien derchemie undPh[arm]. 123, p. 199 [(1862)]. opposing forces same chemical need only between the action of HzSz [H,S] metal salts lime [calci- oxide], by which [potassium hydroxide] [potassium carbonate] potash can can carbonatel. According to whether one uses diluted or concentrated, hot or cold soiutions, one can two opposite directions one nuitnhle ~ ~~ identical conditions whether one with one pair processes where only one often in chemistw. arises from combining or being eithkr ver; large or very opposite one conditions present. the conditions under which the forces operate in one way or the other, then one will either cause the opposing force to become as the firstand in such be apparent one even be that by oxygen lower or hieher temoerature and, in reverse, the redurtion of theoxidesof these metals hy hydrogen; for instance PrbalS experiment2 on the formation of sal ammoniac [ammonium chloride] temperature. Furthermore, is oxidized 300°[C], oxide is cleaved and the dissolve very dissolve in its natural partial substitution. always necessary study the under such opposite directions found a expression for next question is laws by which exterior circumstances (e.g., perature and solubilitv) modifv these forces. and onlv then . kill be in ca~cu~atd forces for posing forces chemical process forces become equally large, same eauilibrium curs under thesame conditions, whetherbne goes one way or the process. lies the matter. As we have now hinted bow the chemical processes are to be understood according toour view, we will go laws by which second class simple chemical processes, which oartlv on earlier experiments carried out bv other . -. guided by processes developed above. ing two laws, namely the iaw ma& action 12 December 1986 1045