Act of Hope O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain - PowerPoint Presentation

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas

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Section 1: A Changing World

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Middle Ages

Middles Ages – about 500-1500 A.D

.

Fall of Western Roman Empire – 476 A.D.

Feudalism – small kingdoms and city-states remained

Crusades – 1095-1291 A.D.

Brought Western Europe into contact with Middle East

Europeans sought to “avoid middleman” and trade directly with Asia

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Polo’s Travels

Marco Polo returned from China

1296 A.D., wrote account of his trip – widely read

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Trading Centers

Cities – Venice, Genoa, Pisa

Arab merchants charged high prices

Europeans wanted a better route

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Renaissance

1300s-1600s – period of artistic and intellectual creativity

“Rebirth” of classical Greek and Roman learning

Paved the way for new exploration

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Renaissance

Italians improved their knowledge of people and of the world

Study of classical (ancient Greek and Roman) works

Translations

More experimental approach to science

Inspired by ancient architecture, art

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Rise of Nation-states

1400s, western European population increases

Foreign trade emphasized

Feudalism begins to end, strong monarchs take power (more centralization)

Nation-state – combined cultural identity (nation) with political centralization (state)

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Technological Advances

Technology – use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

1453 – printing press

Improved maps – included direction of ocean currents, lines of latitude

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Technological Advances

Astrolabe – instrument that measured the position of the stars

Caravel – three-masted ship that sailed faster and farther, also carrying more cargo and food supplies

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African Trading Kingdoms

400-1600 A.D.

Natural resources: gold, copper, iron ore, ivory

Large kingdoms on west coast of Africa

Smaller kingdoms on east coast

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Ghana

400-1100 A.D.

Between salt mines of Sahara and southern gold mines

Sent gold, ivory, and slaves to North Africa

Received salt, cloth, and brass

Taxed trade

1076 A.D., fought Almoravids, began to decline – why?

New trade routes and mines opened up during the fighting

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Mali

New state, included former kingdom of Ghana by late 1200s

Greatest king – Mansa Musa (1312-1337)

1324 made pilgrimage (journey to a holy place) to Mecca

Returned to Mali and built mosques in the capital of Timbuktu

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Songhai

Lived along Niger River

Captured Timbuktu in 1468 A.D.

Brought to height of power by Askiya Muhammad in late 1400s

Laws introduced based on Quran

Division of empire into five provinces

Standardized weights and measures

Defeated by Kingdom of Morocco in late 1500s

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 1 Assessment

1) Write sentences in which you use the following groups of terms: classical and Renaissance; technology, astrolabe and caravel; pilgrimage and mosque.

- Answers vary.

2) Name three technological advances that furthered European colonization.

- Answers may include: mapmakers refined their methods and created more accurate maps; the astrolabe and magnetic compass improved navigation; the stern rudder, triangular sail, and three-masted caravel allowed ships to travel farther.

3) How did the Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa?

- Through trade between African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North Africa

What

is the name of the holy book of Islam?- The Quran

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Section 1 Assessment

4) Why do you think the Renaissance began in Italy and not in another part of Europe?

- Answers should refer to Italy’s prosperity, which enabled citizens to pursue an interest in the region’s past.

5) Re-create the diagram below and compare three African kingdoms. In the outer spaces, describe each kingdom. In the shared space, identify similarities between them.

- Similarities include vast trading, Islamic religion, and powerful kingdoms. Contrasts include Songhai: largest empire ever in West Africa; Ghana: earliest African kingdom; Mali: center of Islamic art and learning.

6) Review the map of the African trading kingdoms on page 41. Which of the trading kingdoms was established earliest?

- Ghana

In which region of Africa did the three trading kingdoms develop?

- West Africa

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 2: Early Exploration

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Pre-Columbian Maps

Did not include Americas

Treated Western (Atlantic) and Eastern (Pacific) Oceans as running together to form the “Ocean Sea”

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Portugal

Located on Iberian peninsula, Portugal took the lead in exploring – why?

Lacked a Mediterranean port and other European countries were in the way of traditional trade routes

Portugal wanted two things:

1) more direct routes to China and India

2) route to West Africa and its gold

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Henricus Martellus World Map (1491)

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Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal

Set up a center for exploration

The Portuguese came to set up trading posts for trade on

W

est

A

frican coast, trading: 1) Gold 2) Ivory 3) Slaves

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Bartholomeu Dias

1487 –

King John II of Portugal sent Bartholomeu Dias to explore southernmost part of Africa

Dias was in a terrible storm and called the tip “Cape of Storms”

King John II renamed it the “Cape of Good Hope” –

he hoped going that way would lead to a new route to India

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Vasco da Gama

1497 –

Vasco da Gama expanded on Dias’ trip, visiting East African coast and reaching India in 1498

Portugal built a small empire based on trade to India

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Pedro Alvares Cabral

1500 – Cabral followed Da Gama’s route and touched Brazil, claiming it for Portugal

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Christopher Columbus

Common misconception – Columbus set out to prove earth round

MOST people already knew that the earth was round by Columbus’ time

People still get taught this myth:

https

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgqW_hgpuEI

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_W280R_Jt8

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Four Voyages

1

st

Voyage – Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria, carrying 90 sailors, sailed to Canary Islands and then to San Salvador and the rest of the Caribbean Islands

He thought he had reached the East Indies, so they came to be called the West Indies

That’s why Native Americans are sometimes called “Indians”

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Later Voyages

1493, 1498, 1502

Explored Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, and Jamaica

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Vikings

Before Columbus, in the 800s and 900s, Vikings visited Iceland and Greenland

Remains of a Viking settlement found in Newfoundland

Discoveries were not well known

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcbCu8G80pQ

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Line of Demarcation

1493: Pope Alexander VI drew a line of demarcation dividing Portuguese and Spanish possessions

Portugal objected

1494: Treaty of Tordesillas, moved the line further west

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Tordesillas (1494) and Saragossa (1529)

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Amerigo Vespucci

Why is America called “America” instead of “Columbia”?

Columbus didn’t realize a new continent was discovered, but the explorer and mapmaker Vespucci did

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Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Governor of a Spanish town in Panama who led a group to the Pacific Ocean in 1513

Balboa claimed it and all adjoining lands for Spain

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Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese sailor hired by Spain to lead 5 ships to head west through or around South America to Asia

Sailed around South America, strait called the Strait of Magellan

Magellan killed by natives in the Philippines, but his men (on only one of the original ships) made it all the way back to Spain, circumnavigating the globe

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFTgZoGnStE

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Voyage

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Columbus and the New World

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7oe8TD_Vn0

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 2 Assessment

1) Write a short paragraph in which you use the following terms: line of demarcation, strait, circumnavigate.

- Student work should reflect correct use of terms.

2) Who were the first Europeans to reach the Americas and when did they arrive?

- The first Europeans included: the Vikings (c. 1000); Christopher Columbus (1492); and Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513).

3) What nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas?

- Spain and Portugal.

What was the purpose of the line of demarcation?

- It determined control of lands by Spain and Portugal.

How did the treaty affect European exploration of the Americas?

- Spain controlled all lands west of the line; Portugal controlled all lands east of the line.

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Section 2 Assessment

4) For years, many history books have claimed that “Columbus discovered America.” Why do you think Native Americans might disagree with the choice of the word “discovered” in this statement?

- Native Americans lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived.

What might be a better word choice?

- Answers will vary, but possible word choices may include: claimed, encountered, came upon, or reached.

5) Re-create the diagram below and identify the regions Columbus explored.

- Caribbean islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and the coasts of Central America and northern South America.

6) Review the map of European voyages of exploration on page 48; then answer the questions that follow. When did Verrazano make his voyage?

- 1524

For what country did he sail?

- France

How did Cabot’s route to the Americas differ from that of Columbus?

- He traveled farther north than Columbus.

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 3: Spain in America

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Maya, Aztec, and Inca – Intergalactic

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBm3VnM2mIw

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The Conquistadors

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Conquistadors

Conquistador – conquerors/explorer from Spain

Set out to the New World for the 3 Gs:

1) Glory

2) God

3) Gold

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Hernan Cortes

1519 –

Cortes led expedition to Mexico

Brought 500 men, horses, and cannons

Cortes went to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan

Aztecs had been demanding tribute (payment) from many conquered provinces

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Aztec Defeat

1520 – Aztecs rebelled and kicked out the Spanish, but Montezuma died

1521 –

Cortes returned with Spanish reinforcements and Native American allies

The Aztec empire fell apart

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Francisco Pizarro

Pizarro sailed down Pacific coast of S. America w/ 180 soldiers

1532, Pizarro captured Incan ruler Atahualpa (whom they later executed) and destroyed Incan army

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Why Did Spain Win?

Guns, cannons, and animals (horses and dogs)

Native Americans assisted Spanish in overthrowing their rulers

Disease –

no immunity to

European diseases, e.g. smallpox

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Ponce de Leon

1513 –

first to arrive on N. American mainland

Legend that he was looking for gold & fountain of youth

1565 –

Spanish established first permanent settlement of St. Augustine in Florida

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Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Part of 1528 Spanish expedition to FL (led by Panfilo de Narvaez)

2 of 5 boats survived, ran aground in Texas

De Vaca and slave, Estevanico, became medicine men to survive

Told about seven cities of emerald & gold he saw

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Hernando de Soto

Explored Florida and the west

1541 – crossed

M

ississippi River

Died of fever

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Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Looking for legendary Seven Cities of Cibola

Traveled through Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas

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Pueblos, Missions, and Presidios

Pueblos – towns, established centers of trade

Missions – religious communities (town, farmland, church)

Presidios – fort (near a mission)

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Class System

Upper class – peninsulares – born in Spain

Creoles – born in Americas to Spanish parents

Mestizos – people with Spanish and Native American parents

Native Americans – most in great poverty

African slaves

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Encomienda

Encomienda

– right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans living on land

Native Americans effectively made slaves

Many died –

malnutrition & disease

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Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest, condemned cruel treatment of Native Americans, wanted laws to protect them

Spanish government passed New Laws – no Native American slaves

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Plantation System

Plantation –

large estate

Las Casas suggested using Africans as slaves

Mid-1500s, Spanish and Portuguese both brought thousands of West African slaves to American plantations

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 3 Assessment

1) Write three true and three false statements using each of the following terms once: conquistador, tribute, pueblo, mission, presidio, plantation.

- Student work should reflect correct use of terms.

2) What three kinds of settlements did Spain establish in the Americas?

- Pueblos, missions, and presidios

How did they differ?

- Pueblos were towns and centers for trade; missions were small religious communities; and a presidio was a fort built near a mission.

3) What groups made up the class system in Spanish America?

- Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Native Americans, enslaved Africans

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Section 3 Assessment

4) One conquistador explained, “We came to serve God and the king, and also to get rich.” In what way do you think conquistadors planned to serve “God and the king”?

- By converting people to Christianity and claiming land and riches for the king.

5) Re-create the diagram below and list causes of Spain’s success in conquering Native American empires.

- Answers may include: awe of the Spanish, weapons held by the Spanish, the native peoples’ dislike of their Aztec overlords, and no immunity to European diseases.

6) Review the map of Spanish exploration on page 52. What expedition traveled from Florida to the Mississippi River?

-

De Soto.

Through what regions did the Coronado expedition travel?- Northern Mexico and present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 4: Exploring North America

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Protestant Reformation

1517 –

German priest and monk, Martin Luther, protested against indulgences in the 95

Theses

Indulgence – partial or full forgiveness of the temporal punishment due to sin that has already been forgiven

Luther developed an extensive theological opposition to Catholic theology – 5 solas

Sola Fide – faith alone

Sola Scriptura – scripture aloneSola Gratia – grace aloneSolus Christus – Christ aloneSoli Dei Gloria – glory to God alone

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Protestantism

Martin Luther – Lutheran Church

John Calvin – Calvinist/Reformed Churches

King Henry VIII – Anglican Church/Church of England

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Lutheranism

The Holy Roman Empire was broken up into different German states

A

number of the German princes converted to Lutheranism –

gave them power over the churches in Germany

Consubstantiation instead of transubstantiation

Only 2 sacraments: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper

1530 – Augsburg Confession – summary of Lutheran beliefs, later contained in the Book of Concord

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Calvinism

John Calvin – French reformer

1536 – wrote

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Emphasized predestination

Denied Real Presence

Affirmed perseverance of the saints (true Christians cannot lose salvation)

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King Henry VIII

King of England

Opposed Martin Luther and Reformation, called “Defender of the Faith” by the pope

Brother Arthur died, he received papal dispensation (special permission) to marry widow –

his sister-in-law, Catherine of Aragon

No male heirs

Fell in love with Catherine’s servant, Anne Boleyn

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GisCRxREDkY

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Annulment? No.

King Henry asked the Pope to give him an annulment for his marriage to Catherine, Pope refused

Henry had the British Parliament declare him Supreme Head of the Church of England (1534 Act of Supremacy)

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Henry’s Wives and Children

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King Edward VI (Protestant)

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour (3

rd

wife)

Reigned 1547-1553

Abolished priestly celibacy and the Mass

Established

Book of Common PrayerForty-two Articles

(later replaced by Thirty-nine Articles in 1571)

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Queen Mary (Catholic)

Lady Jane Grey was queen for 9 days before she was arrested and later executed by supporters of Mary

Mary – daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon (1

st

wife)

Reigned 1553-1558

Later known as “Bloody Mary” for burning Protestant dissenters at the stake

Attempted to reestablish Catholicism as state religion

Married King Philip II of Spain

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Queen Elizabeth (Protestant)

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (2

nd

wife)

Reigned 1558-1603

Tried to address Protestant concerns without offending Catholics

Supported raiders of Spanish ships, like Sir Francis Drake, triggering the attempted Spanish invasion of England in 1588

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Sir Thomas More

Lord Chancellor of the English government

Executed by King Henry VIII for refusing to take the oath of the supremacy of Henry over the English Church

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_

Gdr3uGnUS8

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX0_FGu8v9A

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Religious Rivalries in Europe

Europe was split between Catholics and Protestants

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Mercantilism

Economic theory holding that a nation’s power was based on its wealth

Nations would establish colonies for three purposes:

Acquire gold and silver

Acquire raw materials to be sent back to the mother country

Produce manufactured goods with raw materials and sell them to the inhabitants of the colonies

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Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas

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Northwest Passage

Water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers

England, France, and the Netherlands ignored the 1494 Treaty of

Tordesillas

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John Cabot

1497 –

Italian looking for northern route to Asia

Landed on coast of Newfoundland

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Giovanni da Verrazano

1524 –

Italian hired to look for northern sea route by France

Explored Atlantic coast –

Nova-Scotia to Carolinas

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Jacques Cartier

1535 –

French explorer

Sailed up St. Lawrence River, unable to reach Pacific Ocean

Founded Montreal

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Henry Hudson

1609 –

English sailor hired by the Netherlands

Discovered Hudson River, sailed north to Albany

1610 –

discovered Hudson BayUnable to find outlet to Pacific Ocean – crew rebelled

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Samuel de Champlain

France primarily interested in fishing and fur trade, not empire

1608 –

de Champlain established Quebec in Canada

Discovered Lake Champlain

French built more trading posts

Coureurs de bois “runners of the woods” –

French fur trappers

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New Netherlands

1621 –

Dutch West India Company set up trading colony of New Netherland

Center of colony – New Amsterdam

Manhattan Island bought for $20

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

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Section 4

Assessment

Write a sentence in which you correctly use each of the following terms: mercantilism, Columbian Exchange, Northwest Passage, coureur de bois.

- Student work should reflect correct use of terms.

2) What were English, French, and Dutch explorers searching for while charting the coast of North America?

- A more direct water route to Asia.

3) How did French goals in the Americas differ from the goals of other European nations?

- The French wanted to make profits rather than settle land.

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Section 4

Assessment

4) How did the economic theory of mercantilism influence the exploration and settlement of North America by Europeans?

- A nation’s power was based on its wealth, which was increased by acquiring gold and silver and developing trade. Overseas territories were seen as potential sources of wealth.

5) Re-create the diagram below and explain how the Columbian Exchange affected both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

6) Review the map,

French Explorers, 1535-1682

, on page 61. Which of the French explorers traveled farthest south?

- La Salle.

Along what river did Marquette and Joilet travel?

- The Mississippi River.

Columbian Exchange

Effects on the Americas

Effects on Europe

Importance of

wheat, grapes, and livestock

Introduction of diseases

Establishment of slavery

Introduction of new foods and provided a cheap labor supply

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Act of Hope

O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.