MacromineralAbsorptionintheBlackRhinoceros Dicerosbicornis ComparedwiththeDomesticHorse 1 ID: 836085
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TheWALTHAMInternationalNutritionalSciencesSymposia MacromineralAbsorptionintheBlackRhinoceros( Dicerosbicornis ) ComparedwiththeDomesticHorse 1 3 MarcusClauss,* 4 JohannaC.Castell, y EllenKienzle, y PeterSchramel,** EllenS.Dierenfeld, z EdmundJ.Flach, yy OlafBehlert, # Jean-MichelHatt,* W.Ju ¨ rgenStreich, § andJu ¨ rgenHummel #§§ * DivisionofZooAnimals,ExoticPetsandWildlife,VetsuisseFaculty,UniversityofZurich,Switzerland; y Munich,Oberschleissheim,Germany; ** GSFNationalResearchCenterforEnvironmentandHealth,Institute forEcologicalChemistry,Neuherberg,Germany; z SaintLouisZoo,St.Louis,MO; yy ZoologicalSocietyof London,WhipsnadeWildAnimalPark,Dunstable,UK; # ZoologicalGardenofCologne,Cologne,Germany; § InstituteforZooandWildlifeResearch(IZW),Berlin,Germany;and §§ InstituteofAnimalSciences, DepartmentofNutrition,UniversityofBonn,Germany EXPANDEDABSTRACT KEYWORDS: blackrhinoceros Dicerosbicornis horse Equuscaballus sodium potassium magnesium calcium phosphorus absorption Therehasbeenrecentinterestinthemineralstatusoffree- rangingandcaptiverhinoceroses(1).Zoodietsforrhinoceroses andelephantsdeÞcientindifferentmineralshavebeenre- corded(2,3).Becausethehorseisusuallyconsideredthemodel animalfordesigningrhinodiets(4),wewantedtogeneratedata ontheabsorptionofmineralsinarhinospecies,tofacilitate acomparisonwithpublisheddatafordomestichorses,andthus testthehypothesisthatrhinomineralabsorptionresembles thatofthehorse. MATERIALSANDMETHODS University.ThispublicationwassupportedbyTheWALTHAMCentreforPet Nutrition.GuesteditorsforthissymposiumwereDAnnFinley,FrancisA.Kallfelz, JamesG.Morris,andQuintonR.Rogers.Guesteditordisclosure:expensesfor theeditorstotraveltothesymposiumandhonorariawerepaidbyTheWALTHAM CentreforPetNutrition. 2 Authordisclosure:norelationshipstodisclose. 3 ThisstudywasfundedbygrantsoftheInternationalRhinoFoundation/SOS RhinotoM.C.andE.S.D. 4 Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.E-mail:mclauss@vetclinics. unizh.ch. 0022-3166/06$8.00 2006AmericanSocietyforNutrition.J.Nutr.136:2017SÐ2020S,2006. 2017S FIGURE1 Correlationsbe- tweenthemineralcontentand theabsorbablemineralcontent (g/100gdrymatter)inhorses ( Equuscaballus )andblackrhi- noceroses( Dicerosbicornis )for Ca( A ),P( B ),Mg( C ),Na( D ),and K( E ).Forsignicantdifferences betweenthespecies,seeTable1. TABLE1 Mineralabsorptioncharacteristicsindomestichorses(E.caballus)andblackrhinoceroses(D.bicornis) Mineral andSpecies Observations, n Dietarymineralconcentration, g/100gDM 6 SD(range) Apparentabsorption, 1 % 6 SD(range)a 2 b 2 R 2 Ca E.cab .850.92 6 0.62(0.07,2.66)26 a 6 68( 458 70)0.41 a 0.020.68*** D.bic .500.82 6 0.26(0.36,1.58)80 b 6 5(65 90)0.84 b 0.030.97*** P E.cab .860.39 6 0.22(0.07,1.39)5 a 6 28( 123 59)0.45 0.12 a 0.65*** D.bic .360.37 6 0.09(0.19,0.53)23 b 6 10(3 50)0.32 0.03 b 0.41*** Mg E.cab .1620.18 6 0.07(0.02,0.73)35 a 6 12( 16 67)0.15 a 0.030.17*** D.bic .360.21 6 0.06(0.14,0.40)73 b 6 6(58 84)0.71 b 0.000.92*** Na E.cab .1630.24 6 0.16(0.01,1.69)56 a 6 29( 140 95)0.87 0.06 a 0.87*** D.bic .360.39 6 0.16(0.15,0.74)15 b 6 34( 71 72)0.84 0.22 b 0.85*** K E.c
2 ab .1661.52 6 0.85(0.05,3.65)78 a 6 9(45
ab .1661.52 6 0.85(0.05,3.65)78 a 6 9(45 94)0.88 a 0.110.98*** D.bic .362.69 6 0.78(1.50,4.37)67 b 6 13(37 88)1.00 b 0.830.93*** 1 Apparentabsorptionisdenedas[mineralingested(g) mineralexcreted(g)]/mineralingested(g) 3 100. 2 Accordingtotheregressionequation:apparentabsorbablemineralcontent ¼ a 3 mineralcontent 1 b ,wherea ¼ thetrueabsorptioncoefcient andb ¼ endogenousfecallosses. a,b Superscriptsinacolumnwithoutacommonletterdiffer, P , 0.001intherespectiveparameterforthismineral(apparentabsorption, U -test; a ANCOVA,testforinteraction; b ANCOVAtestbetweengroups). ***Regressionequationssignicantat P , 0.001(regressionanalysis, F -test). 2018S SUPPLEMENT aredepictedin Figure1 .TheaAcoefÞcientsdifferedforall minerals.BlackrhinoshadasigniÞcantlyhigherÔÔtrueÕÕ absorptionofCaandMg.EFLofPweresigniÞcantlylowerin blackrhinos(difference:0.09g/100gDM).Regardlessof asimilarÔÔtrueÕÕabsorptionefÞciencyforNa,blackrhinoshad signiÞcantlyhigherNaEFL(difference:0.16g/100gDM). KgaveasimilarpatternasNa,butinthiscase,thedifferenceof 0.12betweentheslopeswassigniÞcant,andtherefore,inter- ceptscouldnotbecompared. Thesedatasuggestthatdifferencesinmineralabsorption existbetweenspecies,eveninthefaceofasimilardigestive anatomy(47).Forthemanagementofcaptiverhinos,there- sultsimplythatdietsdesignedaccordingtohorserequirements shouldbeadequate,withtheexceptionofNa.Therefore,salt licksshouldbeprovidedtocaptiverhinos.Naisrecognizedas alimitingfactorforpopulationsoffree-rangingherbivores,and naturalNalickusehasbeenobservedinmanywildherbivore species(48Ð50).Intermsofecophysiology,theinteresting questionariseswhetherthehighendogenousfecalNalossesof blackrhinosarespecies-speciÞcorrepresentaneffectofin- creasingbodysize.IffecalNaexcretionisconsideredaneffect offecalbulk(46,51),thenspecieswithgenerallylowerapparent digestioncoefÞcientsandhencemorefecalexcretion,suchas elephantsorblackrhinosascomparedwithwhiteandIndian rhinosorhorses(5,52,53),orbrowsingascomparedwithgraz- ingruminants(54),couldbehypothesizedtohavehigherNa EFL.Inordertoanswerthisquestion,comparabledatafrom otherwildlifespecieswouldbewarranted. LITERATURECITED 1.DierenfeldES,AtkinsonS,CraigAM,WalkerKC,StreichWJ,ClaussM. Mineralconcentrationsinserum/plasmaandlivertissueofcaptiveandfree- rangingrhinocerosspecies.ZooBiol.2005;24:51 72. 2.ClaussM,PolsterC,KienzleE,WiesnerH,BaumgartnerK, vonHouwaldF,StreichWJ,DierenfeldES.Energyandmineralnutritionand waterintakeinthecaptiveIndianrhinoceros( Rhinocerosunicornis ).ZooBiol. 2005;24:1 14. 3.AngeK,CrisseySD,DoyleC,LanceK,HintzH.AsurveyofAfrican ( Loxodontaafricana )andAsian( Elephasmaximus )elephantdietsandmeasured bodydimensionscomparedwiththeirestimatednutrientrequirements.In:Edwards MS,LisiKJ,SchlegelML,BrayRE,editors.ProceedingsoftheNutritionAdvisory Group4 th ConferenceonZooandWildlifeNutrition;2001Sep19 23;LakeBuena Vista,FL.SanDiego:ZoologicalSocietyofSanDiego;2001.p.5 14. 4.OftedalOT,BaerDJ,AllenME.Thefeedingandnutritionofherbivores.In: KleimannDG,AllenME,ThompsonKV,LumpkinS,editors.Wildmammalsin captivity:principlesandtechniques.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress;1996. p.129 38. 5.ClaussM,CastellJC,KienzleE,DierenfeldES,FlachEJ,BehlertO, Ortm
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