INVESTMENT ARBITRATION: - PowerPoint Presentation

1. INVESTMENT ARBITRATION: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONSDR. EMMANUEL OPOKU AWUKU

2. Legal framework for international investmentNational laws to regulate and guarantee the protection of foreign investorsState contracts, investment agreements, i.e. bilateral investment treaties (BITs)Double taxation treaties (DTTs)Free trade agreements including investment chaptersRegional or tripartite free trade agreements (COMESA, EAC, SADC, African Continental Free Trade Agreement), and sectoral agreementsMultilateral disciplines and specific agreements with investment provisions (WTO TRIMs, GATS)South-South co-operation with investment and service chapters

3. International investment agreements Contribute to the creation of a stable, predictable and transparent environment for international investmentReinforce economic cooperations and facilitate coordination of investment relations between host States, home States, international investors and other development stakeholdersHowever: parallel rise in investor-state disputes

4. International minimum standards Principles of State responsibility for the treatment of aliens under international law: Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN)National Treatment (NT)Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) and Full Protection and Security for Investors ExpropriationUmbrella Clauses Survival Clauses with sunset provisionDispute settlement (state to state and investor-state arbitration)These provisions can be found in (i) Bilateral Investment Treaties (ii) International Investment Agreements (iii) Free Trade Agreements (iv) Plurilateral Agreements

5. Investor-state arbitration (ISDS mechanism)An instrument of public international law that grants foreign investors the right to use dispute settlement proceedings against foreign governments Aim: creating a forum that offers investors a fair hearing before an independent, neutral and qualified tribunalInternational investment agreements and ISDS mechanism were created: To protect investors from arbitrary expropriation To ensure international minimum standards are respected

6. ISDS provisions are often associated with arbitration under the rules of the following:International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) of the World BankUnited Nations Commission on International Trade (UNCITRAL)International Chamber of CommerceLondon Court of International ArbitrationStockholm Chamber of CommercePermanent Court of Arbitration Investor-state arbitration (ISDS mechanism)

7. Trends in investor–state arbitration (ISDS cases)Two types of state conduct most frequently challenged by investors:Cancellations or alleged violations of contract or concessionsRevocations or denial of licenses or permits

8. Other challenged measures include:Legislative reform in renewable energy sectorAlleged discrimination of foreign investors vis-a-vis domestic onesAlleged direct expropriations of investmentsAlleged failure to protect the property and provide legal protection of an investor Measures related to taxation and money laundering, regulation of exports, bankruptcy proceedings, water tariff regulations and issues concerning public policies, including environmental and health issuesTax–related measures such as alleged unlawful tax assessments or the denial of tax exemptions

9. Breaches most frequently alleged and found Fair and equitable treatment of minimum standard of treatment Indirect expropriation Full protection and securityArbitrary, unreasonable and discriminatory measuresUmbrella clauseNational treatmentDirect expropriation

10. Current alleged problems with investor-state arbitration (ISDS)ISDS mechanism designed to depoliticise investment disputes Concerns regarding the current ISDS system include, among other things, the issue of transparency Contradictions between arbitral awards; difficulties in correcting erroneous arbitral decisions; questions about the independence and impartiality of arbitrators; and concern relating to costs and time of arbitral proceduresISDS provisions also allow for delocalisation of dispute resolution and allow foreign investors to bypass the local courts of host states without having to exhaust local remedies

11. ISDS procedures are in most cases confidential and lack transparency provisions considered to substantially reduce states’ freedom to regulate, creating an imbalance between the investor’s right to protection and the host state’s sovereign right to regulate the marketContrary to expectations, high costs linked to investment arbitration (e.g. damages, arbitrator’s fees, cost of experts and witnesses, administration fees of arbitration centre)

12. Reason why the international investment regimes have come under security Countries like Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela have, for example, withdrawn from International Centre for the Settlement of Investment DisputesMorocco and South Africa have announced their decision to terminate many or all of the other International Investment Agreements (IIA)These countries are conducting a comprehensive review of the whole IIA regime, which proves challenging because of survival clauses in most of the investment treaties

13. Way forward to reformed investor-state arbitration (ISDS Mechanism)Promoting alternative dispute resolution (ADR), i.e. mediation methods in addition to investor-state arbitration Inclusion of regional economic organisations within the context ICSID Additional Facilities Rules Enhanced transparency, specified under UNCITRAL rules on transparency Establishment of an appellate body within the investor-state arbitration mechanism Most developing countries: investor-states disputes should be resolved through national courts, i.e. foreign investors ought not, in principle, have option to pursue investor-state dispute through international methods of dispute settlementReassessment and renegotiation of contracts (United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations)

14. South Africa Investment Protection Act: alternative route through a recourse to alternative dispute resolution to resolve investment disputesChilean BIT model: investors and the host country should enter into consultations in respect of any disputes, but, if consultations fail, the investor may submit to competent international tribunalCooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreement (CFIA) of Brazil: possibility of dispute prevention as a core element in an effort to facilitate and promote foreign direct investment

15. Thank you!