“Calm before the Storm” - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Growth of the “Midwest”Slide2

Settling the Northwest

War of 1812 pushed Indians further West

Settlers begin to head west and purchase “frontier” land

Land Speculators spend fortunes buying up land hoping to turn a huge profit

Another large wave of European immigration hoping to live the American dream

Primarily German and Irish Slide3

Backcountry to Statehood

White settlers in the “Backcountry” adapt some Indian ways

Daniel Boone

High levels of violence and alcohol

Viewed as white savages on the East Coast

Primarily settled by poorest Americans / Immigrants

Nativist Backlash Slide4

Agricultural Northwest

Standards of living varied

Poor families lived simple lives

Little furniture, couldn’t afford paint, common bowl at meal times and communal bed times

Animals foraged near housesSlide5

As the IR took hold in the Northeast, US farms changed from subsistence to single cash crops

Raised more livestock

City stores carried local produce and manufactured products

Iron plows and grain cradles increased farm yields

Creation of the Erie Canal meant crops grown in the Northwest could now be shipped effectively to industrialized cities Slide6

Some farm families took in outwork to supplement their incomes

Interdependence between farm families very common

Barter (trade) rather than cash transactions

Land left to all sons with cooperation among them expectedSlide7

Discussion Questions

What was the role of the farmer in America in the late 1700s? What was a farmer’s standard of living like? Slide8

Cracks in the Era of Good Feelings Slide9

Supreme Court and State

Govts

Fletcher v. Peck

– 1

st

time Supreme Court declared a state law invalid

McCulloch v. Maryland

– Involved the national bank, but Supreme Court ruled that federal law trumped state law

Gibbons v. Ogden

– Supreme Court ruled federal commerce / trade laws trumped state laws

For many anti-federalists these decisions seemed like a nightmare and a signal of govt. tyrannySlide10

Panic of 1819!!!!

Various international causes but it hits both cities and countryside

Western frontier settlers are hit hardest due to over land speculation

Bankruptcies!!!! Slide11

Debate over Government

Biggest cause of Panic of 1819 was the 2

nd

Bank of the US reducing available credit, which caused much higher interest rates

Reignites fight over

Power of the national government

Need for a national bank

Distrust between frontier people and powerful elite on the coasts Slide12

Missouri Compromise, 1820

1819 debate over statehood for Missouri

Slavery issue in Missouri creates national issue

Debate over sectional power

Equal number of slave and free states in the Senate

Increasing issue over slavery’s morality in the NorthSlide13

Maine admitted as free state

Carved out of Massachusetts

Missouri admitted as slave state

Slavery outlawed North of Missouri’s Southern border

Barred slavery in the rest of the LA Purchase, except ArkansasSlide14

Growth of Democracy

Call for equal rights for all white men

Specifically men without property

Specificall

y

excluded women and free African Americans

By 1800s states begin to extend equal rights (vote) to all adult white males

1812 extended to territories

Encourages immigrationSlide15

Election of 1824

Four-way race that

officially splits the Democratic-

Republican party

No candidate receives the majority needed by the Electoral College to become president

House of Representatives rules

John Quincy Adams is president despite Andrew Jackson gaining

the most popular

votes by 10%Slide16

©2004

Wadsworth

, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

™

is a trademark used herein under license.

Presidential Election, 1824Slide17

Corrupt Bargain?

Jackson charges a “corrupt bargain” between Adams and Henry Clay

Henry Clay,

the Speaker of the House

of Representatives,

becomes Adam’s Secretary of StateSlide18

Andrew Jackson

“Rise of the Common Man”

WebSlide19

Birth of the Democratic Party

Democratic-Republicans increasingly supported a bigger federal govt.

The new Democratic Party

Appealed to commoners who gained little from the 1

st

Industrial Revolution

States’ rights (limited govt.) =

Jeffersonians

United Southern farmers with Northern plain folk

“Common Man”Slide20

Popular among Irish Catholics

Opposed mixing of church and state that characterize the coming “Whig”

moralism

“Secularism”

Democratic-Republicans are renamed the National Republicans but are shortly replaced by the Whigs Slide21

Election of 1828

Adams was not ready for the election

1

st

mudslinging campaign

Jackson’s wife was not a “lady”

Adams was a geek

Voter turnout doubled

Big win for Jackson

Common people celebrate Jackson’s inauguration as personal victorySlide22

©2004

Wadsworth

, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

™

is a trademark used herein under license.

Presidential

Election

1828Slide23

Election Fallout

Jackson appoints numerous trusted friends to important positions

Spoils system or Patronage

Jackson’s wife dies of a heart attack

Jackson believes it was due to stress of the electionSlide24

Andrew Jackson

Part BSlide25

Southerners and Indians

“Civilized Tribes” were common in Old Southwest by the 1820s

Sovereign peoples through treaties with the US government

Sovereign = Free, independent

Indian land was worth millions, and the state’s wanted it Slide26

Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal Act of 1830 would move Cherokees to federal land west of Mississippi

Supreme Court intervention

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

, 1830

Indians as “domestic dependent nations”

Worcester v. Georgia

, 1832

GA cannot take Cherokee LandSlide27

Jackson Refused to obey / enforce Supreme Court decisions

States’ rights

Concern over separate Indian “nations” inside of states

Trail of Tears in 1838, completed removal

Freezing, Starving, 1000 mile walk Slide28

Tariff of 1828

“Tariff of Abominations”

Goal

was to win Jackson support in Northern industrial areas

Tariff is a tax on imports causing foreign products to cost more

Encourage people to buy AmericanSlide29

Nullification Crisis

Tariff was very unpopular in the South because it raised prices

South Carolina refuses to enforce tariff under 10

th

amendment

Any powers not assigned to the federal govt. in the Constitution are given to the states

Jackson’s VP Calhoun, South Carolina native, becomes chief leader of the opposition

States’ rights vs. the federal govt.Slide30

Tariff of 1832 reduced tax rates but kept tariff in place

South Carolina officially refuses to enforce Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Force Bill – Authorizes Jackson to use military to collect tariffs by closing ports not enforcing the tariffSlide31

Henry Clay engineered compromise: Tariff of 1833

Avoids possible SC secessionSlide32

The “Petticoat Wars”

Involved Secretary of War John Henry Eaton and his wife, Peggy

She wed too soon after being widowed.

Members of the President’s cabinet and their wives shunned Peggy, headed by VP Calhoun

Except Sec of State Van Buren

Presidential Cabinet = Advisors for the President Slide33

Jackson names Peggy his official hostess in the White House

Jackson believed his wife died of a heart attack because people gossiped about whether she was a true lady

Jackson

responds by

firing his entire cabinet

Van Buren ends up as VP in 1832, and President in 1836

Jackson creates an informal “Kitchen Cabinet” of advisorsSlide34

The Bank War

Battle over government role in economy

Panic of 1819 had fueled public opposition to banks

2

nd

Bank of the US becomes focal point

Control over nation’s monetary and credit system

Supported by businessmen, distrusted by public

Interest rates; predatory lendingSlide35

Jackson’s opponents applied for Bank’s re-charter four years early

Jackson vetoes the bill

Jackson saw the bank as a threat to country’s stability

State’s should create banks

Local banks “should” treat common man betterSlide36

Bank veto becomes major issue in the election of 1832

Public supported Jackson

After re-election, Jackson removed federal money from Bank

Essentially destroyed Bank

Deposit Act 1836 – state banks were given money from federal govt. based on land sales from western expansionSlide37

©2004

Wadsworth

, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

™

is a trademark used herein under license.

Presidential Election, 1832Slide38

Specie Circular

As America continues to expand westward fears began of another bank panic like 1819

Fear of Higher Interest Rates and Rapid inflation

The Circular was passed by Jackson requiring all land purchases by speculators to buy land with gold or silver

Believed this would cut down on bankruptcies

Poor farmers were allowed a short window to buy with paper money and then had to use gold or silverSlide39

Jacksonian

Democracy

Era of the Common Man

Increased voter turnout, participation in govt. by all white males

Govt. for betterment of all, not just rich

Increase in the power of the presidency,

at the expense

of Congress

Justified western expansion due to belief in Manifest Destiny

Belief that “Anglo-Saxon Race” was

destined to conquer all of North America