Class IIIa Prepositions and to be Dr Esa Autero Prepositions and to be 11 Prepositions in English Prepositions Indicates the relationship of two words in a sentence Indicate ID: 741633
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Slide1
GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I
Class IIIa Prepositions and “to be”© Dr. Esa AuteroSlide2
Prepositions and “to be”
1.1 Prepositions in EnglishPrepositions: Indicates the relationship of two words in a sentence
Indicate
direction
of action
Indicate
location
of action
Ex. In English
The book is
on
the table.
The book is
beneath
the table.
The book is
under
him
(NOTE: objective)Slide3
Prepositions and “to be”
How do you say in English?“The professor is him” OR“The professor is he”
“to be” tells something about the subject
(not direct object)
Predicate nominative Slide4
Prepositions and “to be”
1.2 Prepositions in GreekA Greek preposition can be used with one, two, or three different case endingsThe meaning of a prep. depends on the case of its object
διὰ
+ gen.
through
διὰ
+ acc.
because of Slide5
Prepositions and “to be”
Translation:ὁ λόγος ἔρχεται εἰς τὸν κόσμονThe word goes into the world
ὁ λόγος / ἔρχεται / εἰς τὸν κόσμον
ὁ λόγος ἔρχεται εἰς κόσμον
The Greek sentence often does not have the article.Slide6
Prepositions and “to be”
Preposition that is attached to a verb = compound verb βλέπω + διά
διαβλέπω
Meaning of the verb changes (usually intensifies)
βλέπω
–
I see
διαβλέπω
– I see through
Cf. English – House burns; house burns
up Slide7
Prepositions and “to be”Slide8
Prepositions and “to be”Slide9
Prepositions and “to be”
Elision:A preposition drops the final vowel before a word beginning with vowel μετὰ αὐτον
μετ΄ αὐτόν
--
with him
μετὰ ἡμῶν
μεθ΄ ἡμῶν
-- with us
No need to memorize – just be aware Slide10
Prepositions and “to be”
2.1 Greek Verb BasicsGreek verb: stem + personal ending λυ- (Pres. Stem) + -ω
(personal ending)
λύω
(pres. act. indic.
sg
. 1)Slide11
Prepositions and “to be”
Basic Greek Verb paradigm (Present indicative)
Singular
Plural
λύ
ω
I
loose
λύ
ομεν
We
loose
λύ
εις
You
loose
λύ
ετε
You
loose
λύ
ει
He/she/it loosesλύουσινThey looseSlide12
Prepositions and “to be”
This chart needs to be memorized! (p. 59)
εἰμί
“To be”
Sg. 1
εἰμί
I am
Sg. 2
εἶ
You are
Sg. 3
ἐστίν
He/she/it is
Pl. 1
ἐσμέν
We are
Pl. 2
ἐστέ
You are
Pl. 3
εἰσίν
They areSlide13
Prepositions and “to be”
In-class practiceWorkbook p. 19 Slide14
GRE 4220 Beginning Greek I
Class IIIb adjectives
© Dr. Esa
AuteroSlide15
Adjectives
1. Adjective in English Adjective is a word that modifies a noun (or another adjective)
A
good
book
1.1 Use of adjectives in English:
Adjectivally (attribute and predicate)
Substantivally
Slide16
Adjectives
Adjectivally:Attributive adjectiveHe is a
good
student
Predicate
adjective (adjective after the verb)
The student is
good
Notice the position of the verb in relation to the adjective Slide17
Adjectives
Substantively (as if the adjective were a noun)The good need not bother but the evil
are welcome .
Out with the
old
and in with the
new.
Phrases that function adjectivally
The man on the street
is walking away
(prepositional phrase)
Sitting on the dock
is great relaxation (phrase) Slide18
Adjectives
2.1 Adjectives in Greek Basic concepts: Adjectives are used to modify nouns (like in English)
Greek adjectives have (like nouns):
Gender (masc., fem., neut.)
Number (
Sg
./Pl.)
Case (Nom., Gen., Dat., Acc.)Slide19
Adjectives
Adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in:GenderNumber
Case
ἡ ἀγαθ
ὴ
ἐκκλησί
α
(The good church)
ἀγαθός- ή –όν
(good)
ἡ ἐκκλησία -ας
(church)
The noun and the adjective are feminine, singular, nominative
ἀγαθός- ή –όν
(good)
Masc.
– Fem. – Neut.Slide20
Adjectives
ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀδελφός The good brother
ὁ
ἀδελφός
and
ἀγαθὸς
are both masc., sg., nom.
βλέπω
τὸν
πιστὸ
ν
ἀδελφό
ν
I see the faithful brother
πιστός
and ὁ ἀδελφός must be in accusative case Slide21
Singular
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
ἀγαθός
ἀγαθή
ἀγαθόν
Gen.
ἀγαθοῦ
ἀγαθῆς
ἀγαθοῦ
Dat.
ἀγαθῷ
ἀγαθῇ
ἀγαθῷ
Ac.
ἀγαθόν
ἀγαθήν
ἀγαθόν
[Voc.
ἀγαθέ
ἀγαθή
ἀγαθόν
]
Plural
Masc.Fem.
Neut. Nom.ἀγαθοί
ἀγαθαί
ἀγαθά
Gen.
ἀγαθῶν
ἀγαθῶν
ἀγαθῶν
Dat.
ἀγαθοῖς
ἀγαθαῖς
ἀγαθοῖς
Ac.
ἀγαθούς
ἀγαθάς
ἀγαθά
Voc.
--
--
--Slide22
Singular
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
δίκαιος
δικαία
δίκαιον
Gen.
δικαιοῦ
δικαίας
δικαιοῦ
Dat.
δικαιῶ
δικαίᾳ
δίκαιῳ
Acc.
δίκαιον
δικαίαν
δίκαιον
[Voc.
δίκαιε
δικαία
δίκαιον
]
Plural
Masc.Fem.Neut.
Nom.δίκαιοιδίκαιαι
δίκαια
Gen.
δικαίων
δικαίων
δικαίων
Dat.
δικαίοις
δικαίαις
δικαίοις
Acc.
δίκαιους
δικαίας
δίκαια
Voc.
--
--
--Slide23
Adjectives
2.2 The use of the adjectives Attributive use (i.e. “a good boy”)The adjective attributes a quality to the noun
Two possible positions of the adjective
ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος
OR
ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός
“The good word” in both cases
The first example places more emphasis on the adjective
When the
article precedes the adjective
, translate attributively
A
rticle in front of
a
djective is
a
ttributiveSlide24
Adjectives
Predicative use (i.e. “The boy is good”)
The adjective makes an assertion about the noun
Two possible positions
of the adjective
ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός
OR
ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος
“The word (is) good” in both cases
The verb “is” is implied in the construction
Noun + predicate adjective
complete sentence
Article does not
immediately
precede the adjective Slide25
Adjectives
Substantive use (i.e. “The good”)The adjective functions as a nounSome examples
ὁ ἀγαθός ἡ ἀγαθή οἱ ἀγαθοί οἱ νεκροί
“The good man”
“The good woman”
“The good people”
“dead people”
The article can also be used substantively
ὁ
ταῖς τά
“the man” “to the women” “the things” Slide26
Adjectives
Absence of the articleNo article before noun or the adjective Attribute or predicate?
ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος
-
“A good man” OR “A man is good”
ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός
-
“A good man” OR “A man is good”
Both translations are correct
Context becomes the guide to translationSlide27
Adjectives
Summary of Adjectives
Adjective
Gk. construction
Translations
Attributive position
ὁ
ἀγαθὸς λόγος
OR
ὁ λόγος
ὁ
ἀγαθὸς
The good word
Predicate position
ὁ
λόγος ἀγαθός
OR
ἀγαθὸς
ὁ
λόγος
The word (is) good
Substantive position ἡ ἀγαθή OR ὁ ἀγαθός The good (woman)The good (man) Slide28
Adjectives
Using Lexicons (and vocabulary in the textbook)Dictionary indicates inflection pattern of adjectives Nominative: masc., fem., neut. forms + translation
Deduce other cases
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Translation
ἀγαθός
, -
ή, -όν ----
Love
ἀγαθός
ἀγαθή
ἀγαθόν
Love
Masculine/feminine
Neuter
Translation
αἰώνιος, -ον
---
Eternal
αἰώνιος
αἰώνιον
EternalSlide29
Adjectives
Does it make any difference?καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι
ἡμᾶς
ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ
.
(Matt 6:13)
“…deliver us from
evil.
” (Matt 6:13, KJV)
“…deliver us from
the evil one
.” (Matt 6:13, NIV)
What is the difference? Any theological implications?Slide30
Adjectives
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
“…deliver us from
evil.
” (Matt 6:13, KJV)
“…deliver us from
the evil one
.” (Matt 6:13, NIV)
Adjective – attributive, predicate or substantive?
Article
τοῦ
indicates that it is substantive
God protects form the Devil - not from all evil and harmSlide31
Adjectives
In-class practicep. 23 Homework
p. 21, no: 7, 10
p. 25, no: 7-10
Exam I
in
two
weeks!