SATKeystone Exam Preparation What is the Dirty Dozen Twelve language skills andor errors commonly tested on the SAT exam Which Skills are Included The Runon Sentence The Sentence Fragment ID: 759225
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Slide1
The Dirty Dozen of the SAT
SAT/Keystone Exam Preparation
Slide2What is the “Dirty Dozen?”
Twelve language skills and/or errors commonly tested on the SAT exam.
Slide3Which Skills are Included?
The Run-on Sentence
The Sentence Fragment
Error in the Case of a Noun or Pronoun
Subject / Verb Agreement
Pronoun / Antecedent Agreement
Verb Tense
Subjunctive Mood
Adjective Comparison (best vs. better)
Adjective / Adverb Confusion
Dangling Modifiers
Parallel Structure
Diction (word choice) Error (affect vs. effect)
Slide4Why do we study these?(…besides the fact that our brain thirsts for knowledge, Mr. Stadnycki)
Introduction
to some complex grammatical issues we’ll discuss later
Awareness of possible testing questions
Repeated exposure is best
Slide5Set One
The Run On Sentence
The Sentence Fragment
Parallel Structure
Slide6Reviewing Independent Clauses
…and coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
Slide7Review: What’s an independent clause?
A series of words that contains a subject and a verb.
It must also exist as a complete thought.
I
went
to the grocery store.
I
bought
candy corn.
Slide8Linking Independent Clauses
I
went
to the grocery store.
I
bought
candy corn.
I
went
to the grocery store
,
and
I
bought
some candy corn.
Related independent clauses can be linked by a comma and coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
Slide9F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.Coordinating Conjunctions
For (because)AndNor
B
ut
O
r
Y
et (however)
S
o (when it means “as a result”)
Slide10Run-on Sentences
Slide11Run-on Sentences
Example 1:
We went to see
Prometheus
in the theater
I had some popcorn covered in delicious, greasy butter.
Problem:
We
have two independent clauses
linked in one sentence with no evidence of where one ends and the next begins.
Example 1:
We went
to see
Prometheus
in the theater
I had some popcorn covered in delicious, greasy butter
.
Slide12Run-on Sentences
Example 2:
The Avengers
was a perfect mix of action and humor and we went back to see the movie again and again.
Problem:
We have two independent clauses linked by a
conjunction with no comma
Example 2:
The Avengers
was a perfect mix of action and humor
and
we went back to see the movie again and again.
Slide13Run-on Sentences
Explanation:
Run-ons are sentences that combine or “fuse” two independent thoughts together without necessary punctuation.
Why is this a problem?
Run-on Sentences confuse readers because they’re often unclear.
Slide14Fixing Run-on Sentences
Rule 1:
If the independent clauses are
unrelated
, place
a period in between the independent clauses to create two
sentences
W
e
went to see
Prometheus
in the
theater.
I had some popcorn covered in delicious, greasy butter.
Slide15Fixing Run-on Sentences
Rule 2:
If the independent clauses are related
, use a comma and
coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to
link the two sentences
together.
Example 2:
The Avengers
was a perfect mix of action and
humor
,
and
we went back to see the movie again and again.
Slide16Fixing Run-on Sentences
Rule
3:
Semicolons are acceptable punctuation to join independent clauses. The semicolon means that both independent clauses are
related
.
However, comma and coordinating conjunction are a
better form of connection
because the semicolon is less clear about how the clauses are connected.
Example 2:
The Avengers
was a perfect mix of action and
humor
;
we
went back to see the movie again and again.
Slide17Example of a GREAT note
Leadership
:
Kay does not exhibit patience, but he does exhibit strength, age, and physical qualities. Kay is the physical leader. Wart is the mental leader
.
Whenever something goes wrong for Kay, he wants to change the plans (give up). Not a good leadership trait.
Slide18Sentence Fragments
Slide19Subject/Verb Relationships
Zach
ran
faster than a speeding bullet.
Ed’s funny
jokes
always
make
me laugh.
When
Kiana
went to the store,
she
forgot
to buy milk.
Slide20Sentence Fragments
Explanation:
Fragments
may be missing
a
subject
/
verb
relationship.
Some fragments might have a
S
/
V
relationship, but they don’t form a
complete thought
.
Why are fragments a problem?
Language is essentially built of things and the actions those things are doing.
We need the thing, we need the action, and it must make sense.
Slide21Sentence Fragments
Examples:
Ran faster than a speeding bullet
Ed’s
funny jokes.
When
Kiana
went to the store.
What is the problem with each of these examples above?
Examples:
Ran
faster than a speeding bullet
Ed’s
funny jokes.
When
Kiana
went to the store.
Slide22Fixing Sentence Fragments
Example #1:
Ran
faster than a speeding bullet
Missing a subject.
Something/someone needs to be DOING the running.
Zach
ran
faster than a speeding bullet.
Now, the subject is attached to a verb.
Their relationship creates a complete thought.
Slide23Fixing Sentence Fragments
Example #2:
Ed’s funny
jokes
.
Missing a verb
What are Ed and his sense of humor doing?
Ed’s
funny
jokes
always
make
me laugh
.
Slide24Fixing Sentence Fragments
Examples #3:
When
Kiana
went
to the store.
We have a noun and a verb, so what’s wrong?
This isn’t a
complete thought
.
Kiana
went
to the store.
When
Kiana
went to the store,
she
forgot
to buy
milk.
Slide25Sentence Fragment Fixes
Rule for Fix:
Add a subject / predicate
AND / OR
Complete the thought
Slide26Parallel Structure
Slide27Correct Parallel Structure
Examples:
Jon brought salty chips, crunchy crackers, and tasty dip.
Nate always runs fast, jumps high, and slides low.
Emily loves to write, to read, and to reflect.
Slide28General Rule:
Rule: Express parallel ideas in the same grammatical form.
Slide29Coordinate Ideas - Type 1
Rule Explanation:
all of the items in a list (typically
two or more)
must be in the same grammatical format:
either verb, verb, verb; noun, noun, noun; or gerund, gerund, gerund. No mixing and matching!
Slide30Correct Parallel Structure
Examples:
Jonbrought
salty
chips
,
crunchy
crackers
, and
tasty
dip
.
adj.
n
adj
.
n
adj
.
n
Nate
always
runs
fast
,
jumps
high
, and
slides
low
.
v
adv.
v
adv.
v
adv.
Emily
loves
to write
,
to read
, and
to reflect
.
inf. v
erb
inf
. v
erb
inf. verb
Explanation:
Items in this list are the same grammatical format.
Slide31Incorrect Parallel Structure
Examples:
Jeremy brought
salty
chips
,
crunchy
crackers
, and
ran
home
.
adj
.
n
adj
.
n
v
n
Nate always
runs
fast
,
jumps
high
, and
to slide
.
v
adv.
v
adv.
inf. verb
Emily loves
to write
,
to read
, and
hamburgers
.
inf. verb
inf
. verb
n
Slide32Non-List Parallel Structure
Complication! Complication!
The SAT loves testing two-part parallel structure because it deals with
entire phrases
.
Most SAT prep books don’t cover this error!
Slide33Non-List Parallel Structure
Incorrect
:
President Obama
called
for enforcement of tobacco regulations
and
investigating motivations for smoking
.
President Obama called for
enforcement of tobacco regulations
and
investigating motivations for smoking
.
Slide34President Obama called for…
Enforcement
of
tobacco
regulations
noun
+
prep
+
adj.
+
noun
Investigating
motivations
for
smoking.
gerund
+
noun
+
prep
+
noun
Issue:
These sides must
begin
grammatically paralleled. They don’t need to be entirely identical after that.
Think of this as balancing a mathematical equation.
Slide35President Obama called for…
Enforcement
of
tobacco
regulations
noun
+
prep
+
adj.
+
noun
Wrong:
Investigating
motivations
for
smoking.
gerund
+
noun
+
prep
+
noun
Corrected:
an investigation
of
motivations
for
smoking.
noun
+
prep
+
noun
+
prep
+
noun
Slide36Corrected Parallel Phrases
President
Obama called for
enforcement of tobacco regulations
and
an investigation of motivations
for smoking
.
Slide37Example Phrases Question(October '06 test, section 10, #14)
Acquaintances of
Alex
have commented that he is at once annoying because of his unpredictability
but his imagination is still a delight
.
(A) but his imagination is still a delight
(B) although he is delightfully imaginative
(C) and he is delightful in his imagination too
(D) while being imaginative and they are delighted
(E) and delightful because of his imagination
Slide38Example Phrases Question(October '06 test, section 10, #14)
Acquaintances of
Alex
have commented that he is at once annoying because of his unpredictability
but his imagination is still a delight
.
(A) but his imagination is still a delight
(B) although he is delightfully imaginative
(C) and he is delightful in his imagination too
(D) while being imaginative and they are delighted
(E) and delightful because of his
imagination
Steps for Solving:
Break down which phrases seem to be paralleled (look for a signal word to tell you where the first begins).
Look at the word directly past the signal word.
Decide its part of speech and which answer best mirrors the beginning of that phrase.
Slide39Example Phrases Question(October '06 test, section 10, #14)
Acquaintances of
Alex
have commented that he is
at once
annoying because of his unpredictability
but his imagination is still a delight
.
(A) but his imagination is still a delight
(B) although he is delightfully imaginative
(C) and he is delightful in his imagination too
(D) while being imaginative and they are delighted
(E) and delightful because of his imagination
Slide40Fixing Parallel Structure Issues
List-
S
tyle Fix:
Change all items in the series (list) so that they are in grammatically identical structures.
Balancing Phrases Fix:
Balance the beginning part of speech of each phrase.
Slide41Set Two
Subjunctive Mood
Subject-Verb
Agreement
Verb Tense
Slide42Subjunctive Mood
Slide43Subjunctive Mood
Example:
If I
were
going to Wawa, I’d get a blue-raspberry
Icee
because they are the bomb-
diggity
.
If I
was
going to Wawa, I’d get a blue-raspberry
Icee
because they are the bomb-
diggity
.
Explanation:
The subjunctive mood “
were
” is used in contrary-to-fact statements (after
if
or
as though
)
and
in statements expressing a wish.
This is true because “was” implies past tense. Given that the subjunctive is a
conditional
statement (it may or may not happen), we can’t use the past tense.
Rule to Fix:
If “wish,” “if,” or “as though” is stated or implied, change “was” to “were.”
Statements contrary to fact. (if, as though)
Statements expressing a wish.
Slide44Subjunctive Examples Correct or incorrect?
I wish that was true.
Rule: This is a “wish” statement.
Was he my counselor, I’d have an easier time choosing a college.
Rule: What
word is implied here
?
If I were you , I’d save the money.
Rule: This
is a
“contrary to fact” statement. I am NOT you.
She talked as though she was my mother.
Why is this not correct?
Were he taller, he’d be a champion.
What word is implied?
Slide45Subject-Verb Agreement
Slide46Subject-Verb Agreement
Example:
He
runs
to the store.
They
run
to the store.
Explanation:
A verb agrees with its subject in number.
Singular Subjects need Singular Verbs
Plural Subjects need Plural verbs.
IMPORTANT: The number of a subject is not changed by a phrase following the subject (think prep phrase).
The sound of the violins are/is deafening.
The
sound
of the violins
is
deafening.
Slide47How to Fix:
Fix:
Identify the subject.
Decide plural or singular.
Match with the correct plural or singular verb.
Let’s practice
Slide48Singular Pronouns
The following pronouns are always singular:Example:Each (singular) of us is (singular) happy with the decision.Helpful Tip:Think: Use “one” to help you remember that these pronouns are singular.Any(one)body. Let’s Practice
Each (one)
Either (one)
Neither (one)
One
Everyone
Everybody
No
one
Nobody
Anyone
Anybody
Someone
Somebody
Slide49Plural pronouns
The following pronouns are always plural:
Several
Few
Both
Many
Several
(
plural
) of us
are
(
plural
) going to the movies.
A
few
(
plural
) of them
jump
(
plural
) into the pool.
Both
(
plural
) groups
run
(
plural
) well.
Many
(
plural
) of the dogs
jump
(
plural
) higher than the cats.
Let’s Practice
Slide50Singular/Plural Pronouns (Can be Both)
The following pronouns can be singular OR plural, depending on the meaning of the sentence.
Acronym: SAAMN
Some
Any
All
Most
None
These are plural if they refer to a plural word.
They are singular if they refer to a singular word.
That reference word often appears in a prepositional phrase that follows the pronoun.
Slide51S.A.A.M.N = Plural or Singular
Some:
Some
(
S or P
) of the
cargo
(
singular
)
was
(
singular
) lost.
Depends on the word “cargo”
Some
(
S or P
) of the
books
(
plural
)
were
(
plural
) damaged.
Depends on the word “books”
Any:
Has
(
Singular
)
any
(
S or P
) of the
paint
(
singular
) been delivered?
Depends on the word “paint,” which is singular.
Have
(
Plural
)
any
(
S or P
) of
the
guests
(
plural
) arrived?
Depends on the word “guests,” which is plural.
Slide52Compound Subject Rules
Compound Subjects joined by “
and
” take a plural verb.
Examples:
Oscar
and
she
(
comp. singular subjects
)
do
(
plural
) the gardening.
His
arm
and
his
leg
(
comp. singular subjects
)
were
(
plural
) broken.
Slide53Compound Subjects (Con’t)
Singular
subjects joined by “
or
” or “
nor
” take a singular verb.
Examples
Neither
rain
nor
snow
(
comp. singular
s
ubjects
)
stops
(
sing
.
v
erb
) the delivery of mail.
Neither the
record
nor
the
tape
(
comp. singular subjects
)
works
(
sing
.
verb
)
very well.
Slide54Compound Subjects (Con’t)
When a
singular subject and
a plural subject are joined by “
or
” or “
nor
,” the verb agrees with the nearer subject.
Examples:
Neither their
brother
(
singular
)
nor
the
girls
(
plural
)
want
(
plural verb
) to go to the pool.
[girls want]
Either his
assistants
(
plural
)
or
the
cook
(
singular
)
himself is (
singular verb
)
at fault.
[cook…is]
Slide55Verb Tense
Slide56Verb Tense
All
verbs have tenses.
Tense to the time of the action of the sentence or idea expressed in the sentence.
Slide57Verb Tense
There are six major tenses:
Tense
Meaning of Tense
Form of “to use”
Present
It happens regularly in the present, occurs now in the present time
use
Past
It happened in the past, not continuing into
the present
use
d
Future
It is
likely to happen in the future
will
use
Present Perfect
The action just ended
have
use
d
Past Perfect
The action happened before another past
action
or before some time in the past
had
use
d
Future Perfect
It will be completed before a designated time
will have
use
d
Slide58Verb Form
Verbs also have “form,” of which there are three:NOTE: Progressive is sometimes called “continuous.”
Tense
Basic
Form
(may add helping verb)
Progressive Form
(adds
“to be” verb and/or helping verb)
Emphatic Form
(adds form of “do”)
Continues to Happen
Provides Emphasis
Present
use
am
using
do use
Past
used
was
using
did use
Future
will
use
will
be using
N/A
Present
Perfect
have
used
have
been using
N/A
Past Perfect
had
used
had
been using
N/A
Future
Perfect
will
have used
will
have been using
N/A
Slide59Problems
Just as with subject-verb agreement, multiple verbs in the same sentence have to agree.
They must agree in their
tense
.
So, multiple verbs must align in tense
or be correct based on sentence context.
Slide60Examples
The class officers canceled the party after I made all the arrangements for it.
Debbie based her decision on the old proverb that honesty was the best policy.
By the time I graduate, my sister will be practicing law for five years.
Even though his innocence was previously proved, he was not released as of today.
If you had been here earlier, you met Maria.
Slide61Examples
The class officers canceled the party after I made all the arrangements for it
.
The class officers canceled the party after I
had
made all the arrangements for it.
Debbie based her decision on the old proverb that honesty was the best policy
.
Debbie based her decision on the old proverb that honesty
is
the best policy.
Slide62Examples
By the time I graduate, my sister will be practicing law for five years
.
By the time I graduate, my sister
will have been
practicing law for five years.
Even though his innocence was previously proved, he was not
released as of today.
Even though his innocence was previously proved, he
has not been
released as of today.
If you had been here earlier, you met Maria.
If you had been here earlier, you
would have
met Maria.
Slide63Set Three
Adjective-Adverb Confusion
Comparison of Adjectives (better/best)
Dangling Modifiers
Slide64Adjective/Adverb Confusion
Slide65Review of Parts of Speech& Rule 1
RULE 1: In making a choice between an adjective and an adverb, we need to determine what the word modifies.
Adjectives: noun or pronoun
Adverb: verb, adjective, another adverb
Example:
We
built
a
raft
(
strong
,
strongly
) enough to hold us.
Ask yourself: what word is strong/strongly referring to?
Really only two options: built or raft
Was it “built strongly” or is it a “strong raft?”
We built a
raft
strong
enough to hold us.
Slide66Example 2
Examples:
Has he been
studying
math
(
regular
,
regularly
)?
Again, ask
yourself: what word is
regular/regularly referring
to?
Really only two options:
studying or math
Was
it “
regular math
”
or
was he “
regularly studying
?”
Has he been
studying
math
regularly
?
Slide67Hey, adjectives and adverbs?We’ll be right back!We need some background.
Slide68Subjects and Predicates
Subject:
Doer of the action
Part about which something is being said
Predicate:
Same as “verb”
Predicates are the “action” of the sentence
OR
Part which says something about subject.
Slide69Subjects and Predicates Practice
He gave me this big, red jacket.
Some of your classmates will attend the play in November.
To everyone’s surprise, Jane and I were happy before she left home.
Slide70Types of Verbs
Action Verbs:
Express Action
Mr. Stadnycki
threw
the squeaky rat.
Linking Verbs:
Doesn’t express action.
Links subject to a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes or identifies the subject.
I
am
happy.
You
are
a woman.
The puppy
is
cute.
Slide71Linking Verb Examples
Examples:
Forms of “to be:”
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been,
Non-”to be” verbs that are linking:
Appear
, grow, seem,
stay,
become, look, smell, taste, feel, remain, sound – when these words don’t have objects after them.
Eg
. “It tastes good.” or “It feels soft.”
Slide72Examples of Sentences with Linking Verbs
Linking
Verbs:
Doesn’t express action.
Links subject to a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes or identifies it.
Examples:
He
is
a man.
Hank Aaron
looked
like a true baseball player.
The passengers
remained
seated.
Slide73Subject Compliments
What are they?
ALWAYS follow a linking verb.
Refer to, describe, explain, or identify the
subject.
Two kinds:
Predicate Nominative
Predicate Adjective
Slide74Predicate Nominative
What are they?
A
noun or pronoun
compliment that refers to the same person or thing as the subject.
It
follows a linking verb
.
Examples:
New York
is
our largest
city
.
My best
friends
were
Agnes
and
she
.
It
is
I
.
Slide75Predicate Adjective
What are they?
An
adjective
compliment that modifies the subject of the verb.
It
follows a linking verb
.
Examples:
This book is dull.
His speech seemed repetitious and tiresome.
During his PowerPoint, Mr. Stadnycki appeared incredibly happy.
Slide76Examples
So, let’s simplify:
Predicate Nominative: Sub + Linking Verb + N or PN
Predicate Adjective: Sub + Linking Verb +
Adj
Examples:
He is happy.
The
passengers were mostly men
.
Hank Aaron looked pleased.
Slide77Subject Compliment Or Object?
I threw the ball at Marco.
Marco looked very happy
I am the type of man that wants attention.
I have been angry about that for years.
He ran all the way home from the basketball game.
Slide78Adjective or Adverb Rule 2
Rule 2a: Linking verbs, especially the verbs of sense (taste, smell, feel, etc.) are often followed by an adjective.
Rule 2b: Action verbs are often followed by an adverb.
Slide79Examples with Linking Verbs
I am happy
.
The only pilots on the plane were kind.
The dinner tasted wonderful.
The dinner tasted wonderfully.
Everyone felt happy.
Everyone felt happily.
She looked sleepy
She looked sleepily in my direction.
Slide80Special Attention:
Bad vs. Badly
Bad is an adjective. Badly is an adverb.
She felt bad/badly.
She smelled bad/badly.
He threw the ball bad/badly.
Well and Good
Good is an adjective. Well is an adverb.
I feel good/well.
I am doing good/well.
She sang good/well.
Slide81Comparison of Adjectives
Slide82Explanation
Comparison
refers to the change in form of adjectives and adverbs when they are used to compare the degree of the qualities they express.
There are three degrees of comparison.
Positive (
big
or
anxious
)
Comparative (
bigger
or
more anxious
)
Superlative (
biggest
or
most anxious
)
Slide83Comparatives vs. Superlatives
Use the
comparative form
when comparing two things.
I am
taller
than she.
Oranges are
sweeter
than pears.
Use the
superlative form
when comparing three or more things.
I am the
tallest
student in the classroom.
Among Darth Vader, Darth
Sidious
, and Darth Stadnycki, I am the
Darthiest
.
Slide84Practice
One of the three branches of the armed services, the Air Force has been the (most/more) favored in recent years.
Although both Laura and Ted wrote on the same topic, Laura’s paper was (longer/longest).
Which of the twenty-eight is the (most/more) popular
?
The doctors tried both penicillin and
sulfanilmide
; the penicillin proved to be the (more/most) effective drug.
Gail is the (most/more) capable of the twins.
I chose this book because it was the (shorter/shortest) of the three.
Slide85Dangling Modifiers
Slide86Correct Use of Modifiers
A modifying phrase or clause must clearly and sensibly modify a word in the sentence.
Example:
Carrying a heavy pile of books
,
Meghan
tripped on the step.
The object/person “
Carrying a heavy pile of books
” is directly after that modifying phrase—
Meghan
.
Slide87Dangling Whoosie-Whats'its?
A modifier is said to “dangle” when there is no word that the phrase or clause can sensibly modify.
Example:
Carrying a heavy pile of books
,
her foot
caught on the step.
Logic: What is
“carrying the heavy pile of books”
in this sentence? Her foot? Not likely.
Slide88Easy Fixes
Add a word the phrase can sensibly modify:
Carrying a heavy pile of books
,
she
caught her foot on the steps.
By placing a subject in the modifying phrase.
While
she
carried a heavy pile of books
, her foot caught on the step.
Slide89Dangling Modifier Practice
Coming up the front walk, the bouquet in the picture window looked beautiful.
Left alone in the house, the thunderstorm terrified him.
Enormous and architecturally striking, everyone is impressed by the new building.
When selecting a college, the social life seems to interest some students more than education.
After considering the proposal for several hours, it was rejected by the council.
Slide90Misplacd Modifier Errors
Finally, writers can sometimes confuse readers by placing modifiers in a way that it can appear to modify two different words. Which is being modified is unclear, and it creates confusion.
Example: Mary
said
during the meeting
Jo
acted
like a fool.
Problem:
Did Mary
say
this during the meeting…
…or did Jo
act
like a fool during the meeting?
Slide91How do we fix that?
Example: Mary
said
during the meeting
Jo
acted
like a fool.
Move the modifying phrase closer to the item it should modify.
During
the
meeting
,
Mary
said
Jo
acted
like a fool.
OR
Mary said
Jo
acted
like a
fool
during
the
meeting
.
Slide92Practice
The Simpsons gave a toy robot to one of their children with a bullet-shaped glass head and flashing red eyes.
Pounding the piano keys with all her might, the chords of the prelude resounded through the concert hall.
The waiter brought us ice cream in glass bowls which started melting almost immediately.
We saw a herd of sheep on the way to our hotel.
To succeed in college, a great deal of time must be spent studying.
Slide93Set Four
Noun and Pronoun Case
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Diction (word choice) Error
Slide94Noun/Pronoun Case
Slide95Definitions:
What is a pronoun?
A word that is used in place of a noun or of more than one noun
.
Example: Mark went to Kim’s house.
Change “Mark” and “Kim’s” so that they’re pronouns.
Example:
He
went to
her
house.
Slide96Identify the Pronouns
Last year our school gave two photography courses; they hadn’t been offered before.
The course that I took dealt with the ways in which people perceive their environment.
You can prove to yourselves how blind all of us become to our surroundings.
Your possessions may look unfamiliar to you, and a few of them may seem totally alien.
Slide97Identifying Pronouns
Last year
our
school gave two photography courses;
they
hadn’t been offered before.
The course that
I
took dealt with the ways people perceived
their
environment.
You
can prove to
yourselves
how blind all of
us
become to
our
surroundings.
Your
possessions may look unfamiliar to
you
, and a few of
them
may seem totally alien.
Slide98Cases of Nouns and Pronouns
Nouns
and
pronouns
in
the English language are
said to display
case
according to
how they function
in the sentence
.
Fuctions
:
Subject, Object, Possession
Slide99Pronoun Case Chart: Singular
Imemy, mineyouyouyour, yourshe, she , ithim, her, ithis, her, hers, its
Nominative
Objective
Possessive
1st
2nd
3rd
Slide100Pronoun Case Chart: Plural
weusour, oursyouyouyour, yourstheythemtheir, theirs
Nominative
Objective
Possessive
1st
2nd
3rd
Slide101Nominative Case (Subjective Case)
A subject of a sentence is in the
nominative
case.
The Nominative case is also called the “
SUBJECT
ive
” case
Examples:
I
like classical music.
He
and
she
sold the tickets.
They
traveled around the world.
Slide102REMEMBER!!!
Nominative = Subject
If the pronoun is playing the role of a subject, we’re in the nominative case.
Slide103Nominative Case Practice
(Me,
I
)
talked to Tiffany about going to the mall on Friday
.
(Me, I) gave the ball to them.
(Us, We)
arrived around five-thirty
.
Slide104Nominative Case Practice
(Me,
I
)
talked to Tiffany about going to the mall on Friday
.
(
Me,
I
I
) gave the ball to them.
(Us,
We
)
arrived around five-thirty
.
Slide105Objective Case
All objects are (surprise!) in the
object
ive
case
.
Includes both direct objects and indirect objects.
When our puppy fell asleep, I gave
him
to
her
.
Also includes objects of prepositional phrases.
Slide106Objective Case Practice
Coach Mendez gave (they/them) a pep talk.
Evan surprised
(they/them).
Uncle Raymond took
(I/me)
to
(she/her).
His mother built (he/him) a footlocker.
Mr.
Botti
gave (we/us) posters of the solar system.
The
ranger guided
(we/us)
to the camp.
Slide107Objective Case Practice
Coach Mendez gave (they/
them
) a pep talk.
Evan surprised (they/
them
).
Uncle Raymond took (I/
me
) to (she/
her
).
His mother built (he/
him
) a footlocker.
Mr.
Botti
gave (we/
us
) posters of the solar system.
The ranger guided (we/
us
) to the camp
.
Slide108To help you choose the correct pronoun in a compound object, take out the other person and try each form of the pronoun separately in the sentence.Our neighbor gave Diana and (I , me) a job for the summer.Our neighbor gave I a job for the summer.Our neighbor gave me a job for the summer.Our neighbor gave Diana and me a job for the summer.
Nominative AND Objective in Compound Subjects/Objects
Slide109Nominative Hint: Compound Subjects
Compound Subject:
Amy and Mark went to the store.
Amy and (me, I) like to dance.
When trying to choose the correct pronoun in a compound, take out the other person and try each form of the pronoun.
Amy and (
me
,
I
) like to dance.
…
me
like to dance.
…
I
like to dance.
Amy and
I
like to dance.
Slide110Special Issues in Pronoun Case
Predicate Nominatives
Appositives with Pronouns
Elliptical Clauses with Pronouns
Gerunds with Pronouns
Slide111Predicate Nominatives
Sub-Topic for Pronoun Case
Slide112Predicate Nominatives
A
predicate nominative
is in
the
nominative
case.
Example:
The last one to leave was
he
.
Slide113Examples (Pred. Nominative)
It is (I, me) who answered the phone.
Do you think it may have been
(they, them)?
The fastest runners are
(she, her)
and
(I, me).
Slide114Examples (Pred. Nominative)
It is (
I
, me) who answered the phone.
Do you think it may have been
(
they
, them)?
The fastest runners are
(
she
, her)
and
(
I
, me).
Slide115Pronouns with Appositives
Sub-Topic for Pronoun Case
Slide116What is an Appositive?
Apposition means “next to” something.
Sometimes
a pronoun is followed directly by a noun that identifies the pronoun.
We
students
are happy.
The
second
noun is called an
appositive
.
Slide117Pronouns with Appositives
To help you choose which pronoun to use before an appositive, omit the appositive and try each form of the pronoun separately.(We, Us) cheerleaders practice music after school.Pronoun noun verb noun prep noun(We, Us) cheerleaders practice music after school.Subject Appositive predicate dir. obj. prep object of prep.
1. Determine Parts of Speech
2
. Determine Parts of the Sentence
Slide118Example 1:(We, Us) cheerleaders practice after school.We practice after school.Us practice after school.We cheerleaders practice after school.Example 2:The coach threw a party for (us, we) players.The coach threw a party for we.The coach threw a party for us.The coach threw a party for us players.
Examples of Pronouns with Appositives
Ask yourself: Which is right if I remove the appositive?
Ask yourself: Which is right if I remove the appositive?
Slide119Elliptical Clauses
Sub-Topic for Pronoun Case
Slide120Elliptical Clauses (Incomplete Constructions)
I am taller than (he, him).
Sentences like these have something “missing.”
They are referred to grammatically as “incomplete constructions.”
You must complete them before you decide which pronoun is correct.
I
am taller than (he, him
)
is tall.
Slide121Elliptical Clauses
After “than” and “as” introducing an incomplete construction, use the pronoun case that you would use if the sentence was completed (almost always nominative).
We like Tom as much as (they, them).
Sentence should read:
We like Tom as much as (they, them) like Tom.
We like Tom as much as
they
like Tom.
We like Tom as much as
they
.
Slide122I am taller than (he, him) _____.Bill is happier than (I, me) _____. He is as smart as (her, she) _____.
Elliptical Examples
Slide123Gerunds
Sub-Topic for Pronoun Case
Slide124What is a Gerund?
Gerund Definition: A word
ending in –
ing
that is
typically a verb
but is
acting as a noun
in a sentence
.
Hockey
is my favorite sport.
Swimming
is my favorite sport.
Swimming is typically a verb. Here, it is the subject of the sentence, so it has to be a noun.
Verbs that act as nouns are called
Gerunds
Slide125Gerunds
He should
swim
to the other side of the pool.
(You, Your)
swimming
is my favorite race to watch.
He
plays
the saxophone better than anyone I know.
(He, His)
playing
is difficult when his hands are tired.
Gerund Definition:
A word ending in –
ing
that is typically a verb but is acting as a noun in a sentence.
When a noun or a pronoun comes immediately before a gerund, use the possessive case.
Slide126Let’s discuss (you, your) thinking for the position with our company.(Me, My) arriving late for class should not be a problem.(He, His) complaining about the homework will not help.
Practice
Slide127Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
Slide128Pronoun Antecedent Agreement
Rule 1: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
number
and
gender
Examples:
Ms. Jameson
did
her
best.
The
city
is proud of
its
parks.
Slide129Singular Pronouns
Rule 2:
Singular pronoun (especially indefinite pronouns) must be referred to by a singular pronoun antecedent.
Examples:
The
student
has
his
own way of thinking.
Each
of the women had removed
her
shoes.
Nobody
in a position of authority had given
his
approval of the bill.
Slide130Two or More Singulars with “or,” “nor,” or “and”
Rule 3:
Two or more singular antecedents joined by “or” or “nor” should be referred to by a singular pronoun.
Example:
Neither Lynn
nor
Bess had
her
keys with
her
.
Rule 4:
Two or more antecedents joined by “and” should be referred to by a plural pronoun.
Example:
Lynn
and
Bess sat with
their
coats.
Slide131Practice
One out of every twenty students are dropped from the course each term.
The effect of the comics on young people are not so drastic as some believe.
Neither of the proposed bills were accepted in their entirety.
Each of the papers read in class were good.
When an employer is interviewing you, one of the first things they ask about is experience.
Slide132Practice
One
out of every twenty students
are
dropped from the course each term.
The
effect
of the comics on young people
are
not so drastic as some believe.
Neither
of the proposed bills
were
accepted in their entirety.
Each
of the papers read in class
were
good.
When an
employer
is interviewing you, one of the first things
they
ask about is experience.
Slide133Practice
One
out of every twenty students
are
dropped from the course each term.
One
out of every twenty students
is
dropped
from the course each term.
The
effect
of the comics on young people
are
not so drastic as some believe.
The
effect
of the comics on young people
is
not
so drastic as some believe.
Neither
of the proposed bills
were
accepted in their entirety.
Neither
of the proposed bills
was
accepted
in their entirety.
Each
of the papers read in class
were
good.
Each
of the papers read in class
is
good
.
When an
employer
is interviewing you, one of the first things
they
ask about is experience.
When an
employer
is interviewing you, one of the first things
he
ask
about is
experience.
Slide134Diction
(Super Bowl of Diction)