Federal Government Contributions to - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Federal Government Contributions to Public Health and the Environment: 1798 to 2018

AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION (APHA) Meeting 2018

Black Caucus of Health Workers

Nov. 9-14, 2018 – San Diego, CA

GILBERT ROCHON, PHD, MPH

Adjunct Professor, Department of Global Health Management & Policy, Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine

Research Scientist, Xavier University of Louisiana, Dept. of Public Health Sciences

Senior Consultant, MSF Global Solutions, LLC – New Orleans, LA

Slide2

ABSTRACT

An array of federal governmental deregulations and budgetary reductions with respect to public health and the environment by the current administration under America’s 45

th

President have been characterized as rescinding “Obama-era” reforms and requirements. However, an examination of the history of federal contributions to public health and the environment, beginning with America’s 2

nd

President, John Adams, and going forward, revealed that the Trump Administration has systematically diminished or rescinded public health and environmental safeguards enacted under multiple previous Republican, Democrat and Federalist presidents. The impact of such deregulation and budgetary reductions especially impacts vulnerable impoverished populations within the United States and throughout the African Diaspora.

Slide3

ABSTRACT CONTINUED

An array of federal governmental deregulations and budgetary reductions with respect to public health and the environment by the current administration under America’s 45

th

President has been characterized as rescinding “Obama-era” reforms and requirements. However, an examination of the history of federal contributions to public health and the environment, beginning with America’s 2

nd

President, John Adams, and going forward, revealed that the Trump Administration has systematically diminished or rescinded public health and environmental safeguards enacted under multiple previous Republican, Democrat and Federalist presidents. The impact of such deregulation and budgetary reductions especially impacts vulnerable impoverished populations within the United States and throughout the African Diaspora.

Slide4

Photo Credits: Washington-interexchange.orgAdams- history.house.gov

1

st

President George Washington (Unaffiliated,

4/30/1789-3/4/1797)

Bill of Rights: 1

st

10 Amendments to the Constitution were ratified on Dec. 15, 1791: Freedom of Religion, Speech & the Press, etc.2nd President John Adams – (Federalist. 3/4/1797-3/4/1801)Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen in 1798

Slide5

3

rd

President

 

Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican, 1801-1809)

Opening of the 1

st

Seaman’s Hospital in Washington Pt., VA in 1801, later in Newport, RI; New Orleans, LA; Charleston, SC.4th President James Madison (Democratic-Republican, 1809-1817)

Photo Credits

: Jefferson-

A&E’s Biography

Madison – nps.gov

Slide6

5

th

President James Monroe

(Democratic Republican, 3/4/1817-3/4/1825)

6

th

President John Quincy Adams (Democratic Republican, 3/4/1825-3/4/1829)

Photo Credits: Monroe – whitehouse.gov

JQ Adams – history.com

Slide7

7

th

President Andrew Jackson (Democrat March 4, 1829-3/4-1837)

8

th

President Martin Van Buren (Democrat 3/4/1837-3/4-1841)

Photo Credits: Andrew Jackson – sos.tn.gov

Martin Van Buren – hallofgovernors.ny.gov

Slide8

Photo Credits: Harrison –en.Wwkipedia.org

Tyler - usmint.gov

9

th

President William Henry Harrison (Whig, March 4,1841-April 4, 1841)

10

th

President John Tyler (Whig 4/4/1841-9/13/1841; Unaffiliated 9/13/1841-3/4/1845)

Slide9

Photo Credits: James K. Polk- cia.gov

Zachary Taylor – www.medadvocates.org

11

th

President James Knox Polk (Democrat 3/4/1845-3/4/1849)

12

th

Zachary Taylor, (Whig 3/4/1849-7/9/1850)

Slide10

13

th

President Millard Fillmore (Whig, 6/9/1850 -3/4/1853)

14

th

President Franklin Pierce (Democrat, 3/4/1853-3/4/1857)

15

th James Buchanan, Democrat, 3/4/1857-3/4/1861)Photo Credits: Fillmore – c-span.orgPierce – uspresidentialhistory.comBuchanan- history.house.gov

Slide11

16th President Abraham Lincoln (Republican, 1881-1865) Assassinated at Ford Theatre on

Lincoln Signed the

1

st

Morrill Act 1862

,

establishing landgrant universities

in each state, contributing to agricultural research, food security, health care, engineering, science, environmental research, teacher training, business & humanities.

Emancipation Proclamation signed by Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863 declared freedom for the over 3.5 million slaves residing in states not under Union control i.e. States in rebellion against the federal government.

Slide12

17

th

President Andrew Johnson (National Union, 4/15/1865-3/4/1869

18

th

President Ulysses Simpson Grant (Republican, 1869-1877)

19

th President Rutherford Brichard Hayes (Republican, 1877-1881) signed the National Quarantine Act in 1878 & established the National Board of Health in 1879.

Grant reorganized the Marine Hospital Service in 1870 & in 1871 appointed

the 1

st

Supervising Surgeon

. In 1875, the Marine Hospitals were

“opened to Navy Seamen to prevent smallpox & yellow fever.”

Photos

: Johnson – whitehouse.gov; Grant – history.com

Hayes – Britannica.com

Slide13

20

th

President James Abram Garfield (Republican, March 4, 1881 –Assassinated on September 19, 1881 -

Elberon

, Long Branch, NJ) Died in Office

21

st

President Chester Alan Arthur (Republican, 9/19/1881-3/4/1885

Garfield Photo: Britannica.com

Chester Arthur – constitutioncenter.org

Slide14

22nd & 24

th

President Grover Cleveland (Democrat, 1885-1889 & 1893-1897)

1887 the Laboratory established within the Marine Health Service was

the precursor of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

1889

the Public Health Service Commissioned Officer Corps

was established.

Cleveland Photo: politico.com

Slide15

23 President Benjamin Harrison (Republican, 1889-1893)1890 the Marine Health Service

was granted

nation-wide quarantine authority

.

1890 Harrison signed the

2

nd

Morrill Act which designed 18 Historically Black Landgrant Colleges in each state that did not admit students of African descent to their 1862 Landgrant universities.New Quarantine Act of 1893 signed to prevent the spread of Europe’s cholera outbreak to the USA.25th President William McKinley (Republican, 1897-1901) - Assassinated: September 6, 1901, Buffalo, NYIn 1899 McKinley assigned the Marine Hospital Service to conduct research Leprosy in the United States.On March 3,1901, McKinley signed the

Hygienic Laboratory appropriations bill.

Harrison & McKinley Photos: WhiteHouse.gov

Slide16

26th President Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, 1901-1909)

 

Photo Credits

– Theodore Roosevelt – History.com

In 1902, Teddy Roosevelt signed the bill to transform the MHS into

the Public Health & Marine Hospital Service

and the

Biologics Control Act

, "to regulate the transportation or sale for human use of viruses, serums, vaccines, antitoxins, and analogous products in interstate traffic or from any foreign country into the United States."

“

Teddy Roosevelt's major environmental contribution was to sign the

 

American Antiquities Act in 1906

, which established federal protection for archeological sites on public lands, to preserve such historic, scientific, commemorative, cultural heritage and monuments for future generations.

The eighteen monuments created by Teddy Roosevelt included the Grand Canyon and Olympic National Park in Washington, the Petrified Forest in Arizona and El Moro in New Mexico, together covering over one million acres

.

Additional National Monuments were later designated under Teddy Roosevelt's legacy 1906 Antiquities Act by Presidents Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Gamble Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, William J. Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama.”

Slide17

27

th

President Howard Taft

(

Republican

,

1909-1913) 

In 1912, President Howard Taft changed the name of the Public Health & Marine Hospital Service to the

Public Health Service

and

expanded its research mandate to include "diseases of man" and "contributing factors such as

pollution of navigable streams

."

Photo Credit:

Wm. Howard Taft- presidentprofiles.com

Slide18

28th President Woodrow Wilson (Democrat, 3/4/1913-3/4/1921)

29

th

President Warren Gamaliel Harding (Republican, 3/4/1921-8/2/1923) Died in Office

Photo Credits

: Wilson- nobelprize.org

Warren Harding- telegraph.co.uk

Woodrow Wilson

signed the

National Park Service Organic Act _in 1916

and the ”

Chamberlain-Khan Act

 in 1918

, which

authorized the study of venereal diseases”

and the “

Public Health Service Reserve Corps

to combat the 1918 influenza pandemic”

Slide19

30

th

President Calvin Coolidge

(

Republican 8/2/1923-3/4/1929)

In 1929 Coolidge “

signed the

Narcotics Control Act , under which two hospitals to treat drug addicts were authorized and a Narcotics Division was established in the Public Health Service of the Surgeon General.”

31st President Herbert Clark Hoover (Republican, 3/4/1929-3/4/1933)In 1930, Hoover signed the “

Ransdell Act,

 

to designate the Hygienic Laboratory as the 

National Institute of Health

, establishment of a 

Bureau of Narcotics within the Treasury Dept

. and designation of the Public Health Service's (PHS) Narcotics Division to emerge as the 

Division of Mental Hygiene.

Photo Credit:

Calvin Coolidge – potus.com

Herbert Hoover - hoover.archives.gov

Slide20

32nd President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democrat, 3/4/1933-4/12/1945) Died in Office

Photo Credit

: FD Roosevelt – fineartamerica.com

FDR in 1935 signed the Social Security Act, “which among other initiatives included health grants to states to improve local public health programs and prevent the interstate spread of disease, the establishment of the National Cancer Institute in 1937and the 

expansion of the PHS Corps

 in 1944 to include commissioning of nurses, scientists, dieticians, physical therapists and sanitarians.

Slide21

In

1946

, Truman “approved establishment of the 

Research Grants Office

 

within the PHS

and signed the 

National Mental Health Act

 "to improve the mental health of U.S. citizens through research into the causes, diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders." Also in

1946

, Truman signed the landmark 

Hill-Burton Act

, which provided funding to states to plan and construct hospitals and public health centers. For each year of the next five years, Truman continued to approve congressional contributions to Public Health, including authorization of

a 600 bed clinical research hospital in 1947

, the 

National Microbiological Institute

, the _

Experimental Biology and Medicine Institute

_and signed the 

National Dental Research Act

,

 all in

1948,

the 

National Institute of Mental Health 

in 1

949

and the 

Omnibus Medical Research Act

 in

1950

, which included the _

National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness _and the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases.”

On Aug. 6, 1945, Truman announced the dropping of atomic bombs “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan equal to 20,000 tons of TNT killing 90,000-146,000 people and on Aug. 9, 1945 “Fat Man” in Nagasaki, killing 39,000 – 80,000 people.

Photo Credit:

Slide22

34th President Dwight David Eisenhower (Republican, 1/20/1953-1/20/1961)

“The

 

Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)

 was established in 1953

, both the 

Mental Health Study Act

 was signed and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was established in 1955. A flurry of health-related legislation was signed by President Eisenhower was signed during

1956, including initiation of the NIH Division of Research Services, the National Health Survey Act

, the 

Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act

, the

Health Amendments Act

_ and the 

National Library of Medicine Act

. In

1958

, Eisenhower signed the

Mutual Security Act

, which enabled

"...collection, translation and dissemination of scientific information and to conduct research and support scientific activities overseas."

This was followed by his signing the

International Health Research Act in 1960.

Photo Credits:

Eisenhower

– history.army.mil

Slide23

35th President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat, 1/20/1961-11/22/1963) Assassinated in Dallas, TX

Kennedy “authorized the

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

_and the

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

, both in

1962,

and in 1963 amended the Health Facilities Act of 1956 to facilitate grants for multipurpose facilities for teaching and essential research. On Oct. 31, 1963, only twenty-three days before his untimely death, President Kennedy signed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act

.”

Photo Credit

: JFK – aarp.org

Slide24

36

th

President Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democrat, 11/22/1963-1/20/1969)

1964

LBJ signed the

Wilderness Act

&

the Civil Rights Act “which eventually allowed access to segregated health care facilities and educational opportunities for millions of racial minority citizens.” 37th President Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican, 1/20/1969-8/9/1974)“In 1970 Nixon signed the Clean Air Act & the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

In 1972 Nixon signed the Clean Water Act & In 1973, Nixon signed

the 

Endangered Species Act.”

38

th

President Gerald R. Ford (Republican, 8/9/1974-1/20/1977)

Under President Ford, the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

was

authorized to regulate toxic chemicals.

Photo Credits

:

whitehouse.gov

for LBJ, Gerald R. Ford & for

Richard M. Nixon

Slide25

39th President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter (Democrat, 1/20/1977-1/20/1981)

“Task force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung Disease

 and

In

1977

, Carter signed the

 amendment to the Clean Air Act

, the

 Food and Agriculture Act

, the 

Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments

 and the

Saccharin Study and Labeling Act”

“

In

1978,

President Carter also signed 

extensions of the Community Mental Health Centers Act

 and the 

Family Planning, Population and SIDS Amendments

,

Carter established the 

Department of Health and Human Services,

and 

the Emergency Medical Services Systems Amendments and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Amendments

 

of 1979, further requiring ‘conduct of a study to determine the effect of aging on the ability of individuals to perform duties of pilots.’ “

Photo Credit:

WhiteHouse.gov

President Jimmy Carter

 further commissioned the Secretary

of HHS "to conduct

a study to determine the long-term effects of hypochloremic metabolic ankylosis resulting from chloride-deficient formulas;" created the federal "Superfund

" to clean-up

toxic waste sites;

revised and re-authorized the 

National

Institute of Arthritis

,

Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney

Diseases

; and

mandated

research on spinal cord regeneration

and neurological disorders.

Slide26

40

th

President Ronald Wilson Reagan (Republican, 1/20/1981-1/20/1989)

Reagan’s Administrator of the EPA (1981-1983), Ann Gorsuch Burford [Mother of Trump’s Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch] attempted to undermine EPA regulations, including the Clear Air Act , the Superfund, etc.

Reagan advocated “weakening environmental regulations , which would have adversely impacted enforcement of the Clean Air Act & Clean Water Act, had they not been subsequently overturned by the Supreme Court.”

“In

1981

Reagan reauthorized

National Research Service Awards and the Medical Libraries Assistance Program.

In

1982,

Reagan established “the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program.

In

1983

, he signed “

the Orphan Drug Act

(to promote development of pharmaceuticals for rare diseases

),

funding for

NIH AIDS research

and development of a

Biomedical Information Communications Center.

In

1984, Mary Woodard Lasker Center for Health Research and Education,

the

National Organ Transplant Act

_and

the Veterans' Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act.

In

1985

:

The Food Security Act

amended the

Animal Welfare Act to establish standards for the humane treatment of animals. An information service was established at the

National Agricultural Library

,

in collaboration with

the

National Library of Medicine

.”

Photo Credit:

Encyclopedia Britannica

Slide27

40th President Ronald Reagan Continued

1985

the NIH Budget was reduced by $236 Mil.

1986

Reagan signed the Labor-HHS-Education Appropriation bill, allocating $

70 million for AIDS Research and $4.5 million for construction of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center in West VA

.

1986 he signed the “Urgent Supplemental Appropriations Act, which included additional funding for cancer research and an equitable pay structure for VA nurses.The Federal Technology Transfer Act, authorizing federal

collaborative R&D agreements, including inter-agency and with universities and private sector; the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Services Research Act; established Advisory Commission on Childhood Vaccines; and the following year signed the

Older Americans Act Amendments

, which, inter alia, authorized the President to call a

White House Conference on Aging in 1991.

1988

NIH provided $7.1 Billion,

“including

$96 Million for a new

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

;

“

Special pay retention bonuses for certain medical officers

, under the

National Defense Authorization Act;

-

1988

Grants to states to

provide

life-prolonging

medication for AIDS patients

; the

National Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Act

;

the Health Omnibus Programs Extension; as well as establishment of National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Commission on Sleep Disorders; National Commission on AIDS, an Office of AIDS Research

, a

loan repayment program for NIH scientists engaged in AIDS research

, as well as

purchase of an advanced design supercomputer

under the

Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act

.”

-

Slide28

41st President Herbert Walker Bush,

Republican, (1/20/1989-1/20/1993)

1992

-

American Technology Preeminence Act

;

Cancer Registries Act

; the Preventive Health Amendments; the SBIR Enhancement Act; the Housing and Community Development Act for conducting "..._a study of the sources of lead exposure in children who have elevated blood lead levels

; NASA Authorization Act, facilitating "biomedical research activities in areas where microgravity environment may contribute to significant progress in the understanding and treatment of diseases and other medical conditions

... "and to "conduct

of joint biomedical research activities by the republics of the former Soviet Union and the United States

."

1989

: “signed into law a provision providing for the

construction of biomedical facilities

and "a

continued supply of specialized strains of mice essential to biomedical research

.”

1990

:

Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act

;

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

"to review periodically the appropriate frequency for performing screening mammography;"

  ;" 

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

, required NIEHS

 to conduct a study of mercury exposure;”

stipulated membership on the 

Mickey Leland Urban Air Toxics Research Center

 ; established an 

inter-agency task force on air pollution; and authorized an NIEHS program of basic research on human health risks from air pollutants.  (P.L. 101-549).

1990: National Foundation for Biomedical Research; created the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research; signed the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act; the Transplant Amendments of 1990; and reauthorized the National Bone Marrow Donor Registry. 1991: Appropriations Act established NCI's Matsunaga-Conte Prostate Cancer Research Center, and a 

women's health study;

. The _Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act, _1991, established the

 PHS senior biomedical research service

 and "

The High Performance Computing Act of 1991

, authorized Federal agencies such as

NIH to allow recipients of research grant funds to pay for computer networking expenses.”

Photo Credit: WhiteHouse.gov

Slide29

42nd President William Jefferson Clinton,

Democrat, (1/20/1993-1/20/2001)

PUBLIC HEALTH

:

NIH Revitalization Act

Office of Research Integrity

"lifted the moratorium on human fetal tissue transplantation research“

“

mandated inclusion of women and minorities in clinical research protocols”Office of Alternative MedicineOffice of Minority HealthOffice of Research on Women's HealthOffice of Biobehavioral and Social Science Research

National Center for Human Genome Research

Program on OB/GYN

Centers of Excellence

Long Island Breast Cancer Study

National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research

Louis Stokes Laboratories and the Dale & Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Facility Buildings at NIH

Photo Credit: Forbes

Slide30

President Bill Clinton – Public Health Continued

.

Division of Blood Resources

Preventive Health Amendments

TB Research, Training, Etiology, Early Detection, Prevention & Treatment - $50 Million

1994 NIH AIDS Research Appropriation

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

NIH Office of Information Resources

Biotechnology Process Patents Protection Act

Ryan White Care Act Reauthorization- HIV/AIDS

Traumatic Brain Injury Act

Safe Drinking Water amendments

Food & Drug Admin. Regulatory Modernization Act

National Marrow Donor Program Reauthorization

Interagency Committee on Disability Research

Mammography Quality Standards Reauthorization Act

Federal Employees Health Care Protection Act

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Health Professions Education Partnership Act

Newborn and Infant Screening & Intervention Act

Healthcare Research and Quality Act

Radiation Exposure Compensation Act

Minority Health & Health Disparities Research & Education Act

Photo Credit

:

biography.com

Children's Health Act of 2000

Ryan White CARE Act Amendments of 2000

Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act

Older Americans Act of 2000

Public Health Improvement Act of 2000

Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research & Training Prgm.

Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation

of Alternative Methods Authorization Act

Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance

and Protection Act

Consolidated Appropriations Act (increased NIH Budget

by 14% to $2.523 billion)

Federal Physicians Comparability Allowance Amendments

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and

Bioengineering Establishment Act

Slide31

President Bill Clinton- Environment:

Executive Order to reduce ozone-depleting materials

Establish Council of Sustainable Development

Environmental Justice in Minority & Low-Income Populations

Reduction of Pollution and Toxic Chemical Releases

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Improvement Act

N. American Wetlands Conservation Act Amendments

California Desert Protection ActRhinoceros and Tiger Conservation ActFisheries Act of 1995

Water Resources Research ActFood Quality Protection ActYellowstone Protection Agreement (to protect park from mining) Omnibus Parks and Public Lands Management ActProtocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Brownfields National Partnership

International Dolphin Conservation Program Act

Photo Credit

: Variety.com

Slide32

President Bill Clinton – Environment - Continued

Photo Credit: aol.com

National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998

Interagency Council on Bio-based Products and Bioenergy

Arctic Tundra Habitat Emergency Conservation Act

EPA rule strengthening the public's right to know about highly toxic chemicals released to the environment

In February, 2000, President Clinton announced $18.6 million in Forest Legacy grants for 29 projects encompassing nearly 250,000 acres in 19 states and territories

American Heritage River initiative

National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act

African Elephant Conservation Reauthorization Act

National Wildlife Refuge System Volunteer and Community Partnership Enhancement Act

Border Smog Reduction Act

Slide33

43rd President George Walker Bush (Republican,

1/20/ 2001-1/20/2009)

Project Bioshield Act of 2004

Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act of 2004

Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation Act of 2004

Designated NIH Muscular Dystrophy Centers as the Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Centers

.

Animal Disease Risk Assessment, Prevention and Control Act

The Muscular Dystrophy Community Assistance Research and Education Amendments of 2001 Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act

The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002

Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards

Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of 2002

The Health Care Safety Net Amendments

The Rare Diseases Act

Public Health Service Amendment on Diabetes

United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

Mosquito Abatement for Safety and Health Act

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003

Photo Credit: The Hill

Slide34

 44th President Barack Hussein Obama (Democrat, 1/20/2009-1/20/2017)

Executive Orders:

Established White House Council on Women and Girls

Establishment of the White House Office of Health Reform

Chesapeake Bay Protection and Restoration

Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance

Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues

Federal Capability for the Timely Provision of Medical Countermeasures Following a Biological AttackEnsuring Enforcement and Implementation of Abortion Restrictions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care ActNational Commission on the BP Deepwater Oil Spill & Offshore DrillingNational Prevention, Health Promotion & Public Health Council

President's Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition

Photo Credit: A&E Biography

Slide35

President Barak Obama Public Health & Environment Continued:

Optimizing the Security of Biological Select Agents and Toxins in the United States

Stewardship pf the Ocean, Our Coasts and the Great Lakes

Establishing the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force

Interagency Working Group on Coordination of Domestic Energy Development and Permitting in Alaska

Reducing Prescription Drug Shortages

Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects

Supporting Safe and Responsible Development of Unconventional Domestic Natural Gas ResourcesProviding an Order of Succession Within the Environmental Protection Agency Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear WeaponsAssignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Communications Functions

Photo Credit: huffingtonpost.com

Slide36

President Barak Obama Public Health & Environment Continued:

Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Women and Girls Globally

Accelerating Investment in Industrial Energy Efficiency

Improving Access to Mental Health Services for Veterans, Service Members, and Military Families

Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration

Establishing the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force

Combatting Wildlife Trafficking

Directing Federal Agencies to prepare for and mitigate the effects of climate change Combatting Antibiotic-Resistant BacteriaClimate-Resilient International DevelopmentEPA authority to protect streams and wetlands

Photo Credit:

msnbc.com

Slide37

President Barak Obama Public Health & Environment Continued:

Federal Flood Risk Management Standard

Paris Climate Change Accord, approved by 195 Nations

EPA Regulation limiting methane emissions from oil & gas industry

Bureau of Land Management ruling limiting "venting, flaring and leaking" of oil & gas

Bureau of Land Management hydraulic fracking rule

Federal moratorium on coal leasing

Memorandum identifying Climate change as a National Security Issue Exec. Order requires federal agencies to reduce fossil fuels consumption, with a goal of 40%; and the Clean Power Plan, (temporarily held up by the Supreme Court).

Photo credit: today.com

Slide38

45th President Donald John Trump (January 20, 2017 to present)

 

[ N.B. For a more detailed discussion, see: Popovich & Albeck-Ripka "52 Environmental Rules on the Way Out Under Trump" NY Times 10/6/2017]

Revoked Obama-era flood standards for federal infrastructure projects

Rejected a proposed ban on a potentially harmful insecticide

Lifted a freeze on new coal leases on public lands

Canceled a requirement for oil and gas companies to report methane emissions

Revoked a rule that prevented coal companies from dumping mining debris into local streamsRepealed a ban on offshore oil and gas drilling in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans

Proposed the use of seismic air guns for gas and oil exploration in the AtlanticRevoked a 2016 order protecting the northern Bering Sea region in Alaska

Approved the Keystone XL pipeline

Approved the Dakota Access pipeline

Prohibited funding third-party projects through federal lawsuit settlements, which could include environmental programs

Photo Credit: Chicago Tribune

Slide39

President Donald Trump Continued

Repealed an Obama-era rule regulating royalties for oil, gas and coal

Withdrew guidance for federal agencies to include greenhouse gas emissions in environmental reviews

Relaxed the environmental review process for federal infrastructure projects

Announced intent to stop payments to the Green Climate Fund

Dropped proposed restrictions on mining in Bristol Bay, Alaska

Removed the Yellowstone grizzly bear from the endangered list

Overturned a ban on the hunting of predators in Alaskan wildlife refugesWithdrew proposed limits on endangered marine mammals caught by fishing nets on the West Coast

Photo Credit: theatlantic.com

Slide40

President Donald Trump Continued

Stopped discouraging the sale of plastic water bottles in national parks

Rescinded an Obama-era order to consider climate change in managing natural resources in national parks

Revoked directive for federal agencies to mitigate the environmental impacts of projects they approve

Directed agencies to stop using an Obama-era calculation of the "social cost of carbon“

Revoked an update to the Bureau of Land Management's public land use planning process

Removed copper filter cake, an electronics manufacturing byproduct, from the "hazardous waste" list

Proposed repeal and replacement of the Clean Power Plan

Photo Credit: dailydot.com

Slide41

President Donald Trump Continued

Withdrew USA from the Paris Climate Agreement

Announced Withdrawal from the Nuclear Weapons Treaty

Withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action - Iran Nuclear Deal

Proposed rescinding a rule that protected tributaries and wetlands under the Clean Water Act****

Reopened a review of fuel-efficiency standards for cars and trucks

Recommended shrinking or modifying 10 national monuments

Reviewing 12 marine protected areas

Reviewing limits on toxic discharge from power plants into public waterways

Reviewing rules regulating coal ash waste from power plants

Reviewing emissions standards for new, modified and reconstructed power plants

Reviewing emissions rules for power plant start-ups, shutdowns and malfunctions

Announced plans to review greater sage grouse habitat protections

Announced plans to rescind water pollution regulations for fracking on federal and Indian lands

Ordered review of regulations on oil and gas drilling in national parks where mineral rights are privately owned

Photo Credit: wsj.com

Slide42

President Donald Trump Continued

Reviewing new safety regulations on offshore drilling

Ordered a review of a rule regulating offshore oil and gas exploration by floating vessels in the Arctic

Proposed ending a restriction on exploratory drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Ordered a review of federal regulations on hunting methods in Alaska

Proposed repeal of a requirement for reporting emissions on federal highways

Announced a review of emissions standards for trailers and glider kits

Reviewing a rule limiting methane emissions at new oil and gas drilling sites

Put on hold rules aimed at cutting methane emissions from landfills

Proposed delay of rule limiting methane emissions on public lands

Delayed a lawsuit over a rule regulating airborne mercury emissions from power plants

Delayed a rule aiming to improve safety at facilities that use hazardous chemicals

Continuing review of proposed groundwater protections for certain uranium mines

Delayed compliance dates for federal building efficiency standards

Withdrew a rule that would help consumers buy more fuel-efficient tires

Photo Credit

: time.com

Slide43

REFERENCES

Popovich & Albeck-Ripka "52 Environmental Rules on the Way Out Under Trump" NY Times 10/6/2017

National Institutes of Health (NIH) Legislative Chronology 

https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/legislative-chronology

Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Dept. of Health & Human Services. History. 

https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx

Robinson Meyer, "How the U.S. Protects the Environment, From Nixon to Trump

:

A curious person's guide to the laws that keep the air clean and the water pure.“

The

Atlantic,

March

29, 2017

 

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/how-the-epa-and-us-environmental-law-works-a-civics-guide-pruitt-trump/521001/

H.R. 2430 - FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017

Slide44

REFERENCES

Presidents of the United States- 

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/pres/list.shtml

 

Environmental Law Research Guide. 

Georgetown Law Library

.

http://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=209325&p=1381408Beschloss, Michael. Presidents of War: The Epic Story, From 1807 to Modern Times. NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2018Beschloss, Michael. Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How They Changed America 1789-1989. NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007.USC Schwarzenegger Institute, Digital Environmental Legislative Handbook.

"An Easy to Use Toolkit for State Legislators to Create Environmental Legislative Action," A Curated List of Environmental Laws That Both Protect the Environment and Support Economic and Job Growth. http://envirolaws.org/Clinton White House Archives

https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/CEQ/earthday/ch13.html

Slide45

REFERENCES

National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL).

"Environmental Health Legislation Database."

Nov. 13, 2017

http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/environmental-health-legislation-database.aspx

Bill of Rights Institute

https://www.billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/

U.S. EPA Laws & Regulations: The Basics of the Regulatory Process. 2017 https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/basics-regulatory-processFederal Policy on Ozone Standards, 2017-2020https://ballotpedia.org/Federal_policy_on_ozone_standards,_2017-2020Environment Law - Environmental and Natural Resources Law. 

HG.org Legal Resources https://www.hg.org/environ.htmlBrenner, Joanna. “Neil Gorsuch’s Late Mother Almost Annihilated the EPA. Is History Repeating Itself” Newsweek

, 2/1/2017.

https://www.newsweek.com/anne-gorsuch-new-bill-abolish-epa-551382