BASIC PROFESSIONAL TRAINING COURSE Module III P3

slide1. BASIC PROFESSIONAL TRAINING COURSEModule III P3 Name of Lecturer
Organization
Email address<br>
slide2. BASIC PROFESSIONAL TRAINING COURSE Basic Principles of Nuclear SafetyThe International Nuclear Safety RegimeNuclear Safety and Security Interface This material was prepared by the IAEA and co-funded by the European Union.<br>
slide3. Contents 07-18 May- 18-29 June 2018 3 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface THE INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME
Introduction
Conventions and Codes of Conduct
The Convention on Nuclear Safety
Implementing measures
The Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors
IAEA Safety Standards
Historical development and the nature of IAEA safety standards
Safety fundamentals, requirements and guides
Topical coverage of safety standards
Bodies for the endorsement of safety standards
National and international institutions for standardization
Questions NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY INTERFACE
Nuclear safety and security framework
Nuclear safety and security network
Responsibilities for safety and security
State responsibility
Responsibility of the regulatory body
Responsibility of the operating organization
Safety and security at nuclear installations
Safety and security culture
Emergency preparedness and response
Safety and security considerations during siting, design, construction and operation of a NPP
Questions<br>
slide4. THE INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME Learning objectives
After completing this chapter, the trainee will be able to:
Describe the underlying principles governing the review process under the Nuclear Safety Convention.
Describe the main purpose of the Code of Conduct for research reactors.
Describe the main elements of the IAEA Safety Standards Series publications. 4 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface<br>
slide5. 5 This presentation will provide you an introduction to the International Nuclear Safety Regime and the bases for global consensus and agreements on international safety conventions, codes and standards for safety and

An awareness on interface of safety and security to protect people and the environment, from hazards arising from ionizing radiation

Reference: IAEA Safety Standards, Fundamental Safety Principles No. SF-1, 2006 Introduction The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide6. 6 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface By its Statute, IAEA is required to promote international cooperation and its Member States have to fulfill their national and international obligations (under the conventions, codes and standards) related to nuclear and radiation activities conducted within their jurisdiction.
Regulating safety is a national responsibility. However, radiation risks may be trans-boundaries.
IAEA facilitates the Member States to promote/enhance safety globally by sharing experience and improving capabilities to control hazards, prevent accidents, respond to emergencies and mitigate consequences.
International cooperation for safety of nuclear installations, radiation safety, radioactive waste management and transport of radioactive material, has contributed to the global safety regime. Introduction Reference: IAEA Safety Standards No. SF-1, 2006 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide7. 7 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface Introduction 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 GSR Part 1 Requirement 14: International obligations and arrangements for international cooperation
The government shall fulfill its respective international obligations, participate in the relevant international arrangements, including international peer reviews, and promote international cooperation to enhance safety globally.
The features of the global safety regime include:
International conventions - common obligations……;
Codes of conduct- promote adoption of good practices….;
IAEA safety standards - application of safety requirements/guides;
International peer reviews – regulatory control and safety ….;
Multilateral and bilateral cooperation - enhances safety by harmonized approaches, increased quality and effectiveness of safety reviews and inspections. Reference: IAEA Safety Standards GSR Part 1<br>
slide8. 8 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 THE INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME The IAEA serves as secretariat for:
Legally binding conventions,
Five conventions came into force since 1986 in nuclear, radiation, transport and waste safety:
The Convention on Nuclear Safety,
The Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material,
The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident,
The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency,
The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.
Non-binding codes of conduct and safety standards.
Two non-legally binding Codes of Conduct have been adopted:
The Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors,
The Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources.<br>
slide9. 9 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 Conventions and codes of conduct The Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS)
The objectives of the Convention on Nuclear Safety are:
To achieve and maintain a high level of nuclear safety worldwide through national and international co-operation including, safety-related technical co-operation;
To establish and maintain effective defences in nuclear installations against potential radiological hazards in order to protect individuals, society and the environment;
To prevent accidents with radiological consequences and to mitigate such consequences if they occur.
The Convention applies to the safety of land-based civil NPPs, including storage, handling and treatment facilities for radioactive materials.
Obligation are based on the IAEA Safety Series 110 The Safety of Nuclear Installations, now superseded by Safety Fundamentals 1 (SF-1).<br>
slide10. 10 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 Conventions and codes of conduct The convention on nuclear safety – cont – OBLIGATIONS<br>
slide11. 11 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 Conventions and codes of conduct Implemeting measures under CNS
The Convention entered into force on 24 October 1996; Contracting parties submit National Report for peer review to Review Meetings held every 3 years (April-1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017).
Extraordinary meeting held in 2012 to address the impact of the Fukushima accident.
The National Report should demonstrate that:
MS take steps to ensure that the safety of nuclear installations is reviewed and improved regularly;
Legislative and regulatory framework is established, maintained and implemented by Regulatory Body;
Effective separation between the Regulatory Body and the organizations involved in the promotion of nuclear energy;
Prime responsibility for the safety rests with the licensee.<br>
slide12. The Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors
The objective of the Code of Conduct on the Safety of RR is to achieve and maintain high level of safety worldwide.
The Code is non-binding international legal instrument based on:
SF-1, Safety Fundamentals Principles ,
GS-R Part 1, Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety
NS-R-4, Safety of Research Reactors,
WS-R-2, Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, Including Decommissioning.
Different designs and power rates of RRs, hence different risk.
States should adopt a graded approach commensurate with the risk.
IAEA Guidance is provided to the Sates, the Regulatory Bodies and the Operating organizations. 12 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface Conventions and codes of conduct 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide13. The code of conduct on the safety of research reactors – cont.
The State: is responsible for establishing legislative and regulatory framework, independent RB with authority and resources; operating organization has a financial system for safe operation, extended shutdown and decommissioning.
The regulatory body: is responsible for regulatory functions such as Authorization, review and assessment, inspections and enforcement, preparation of regulations and providing information on its regulatory requirements and decisions.
The operating organization: is responsible for establishing its own policies that give safety the highest priority and promote strong safety culture; perform safety assessments; prepare safety analysis report before construction and commissioning, regular safety reviews for modifications/ changes in utilization, aging management etc., effective financial system for operation, extended shutdown and decommissioning. 13 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface Conventions and codes of conduct 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide14. Historical development – NUSS programme
The development of safety standards is a statutory function of the IAEA.
Statute authorizes the IAEA to establish standards of safety and provide guidance for the application of these standards.
Nuclear Safety Standards – NUSS Programme started in 1970ies.
Within this programme, 5 Codes of Practice and about 60 Guides were produced. 14 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface IAEA Safety Standards Example of NUSS publications Safety Standards Series
The Safety Standards Series includes three levels of documents:
Safety Fundamentals;
Safety Requirements; and
Safety Guides. 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide15. IAEA safety standards
A global reference for protecting people and the environment
Principal users of safety standards are regulatory bodies and other relevant national authorities
Basis to develop a sound regulatory framework, including to manage the regulatory organisation and functions WS8 - Core Set 15 August 2017 IAEA Safety Standards<br>
slide16. Safety fundamentals
a policy document which states fundamental safety objectives, and principles involved in ensuring protection and safety, the structure reflects the ten Fundamental Safety Principles and the “Roadmap on the long-term structure of the safety standards”; 16 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface Safety requirements
based on fundamental safety objectives and principles in SF-1 which must be met to ensure safety; written with “shall” statements, MS can adopt them in their national regulations, requirements address what must be done;
Safety guides
provide guidance based on international experience and best practices on how to fulfill the safety requirements; written with “should” statements and can be adopted by MS as national regulatory guidance material.

General Safety Requirements and Guides are applicable to all facilities and activities Specific Safety Requirements and Guides are applicable to specified facilities or activities IAEA Safety Standards<br>
slide17. Safety standards series – cont.
All IAEA Safety Standards are adopted by consensus, reviewed and if necessary revised after every 5 years, MS can adopt/adapt them considering their national practices; they are not binding for the MS but may be very useful for key issues and present possible solutions;
Each Safety Requirements document is followed by several Safety Guides;
The Thematic safety standards are general in nature such as Legal and Governmental Infrastructure; Emergency Preparedness and Response; Management Systems; Radiation Protection; Radioactive Waste Management; Decommissioning; Transport Safety; and
The Facility and Activity specific safety standards are specific in nature such as Nuclear Power Plant: Design; Nuclear Power Plant: Operation; Research Reactors; Fuel Cycle Facilities; Radiation-related Facilities; Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities. 17 IAEA Safety Standards The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May- 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide18. Effective leadership and management for safety must be established and sustained Safety shall be paramount within the management system Provide guidance for management system implementation and sustainability SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS SAFETY REQUIREMENTS SAFETY GUIDES 18 Provide basis for developing and implementing Leadership and Management System for Regulatory Body 18 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface Example of safety standards series publications IAEA Safety Standards<br>
slide19. 19 Bodies for the endorsement of safety standards The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May- 18-29 June 2018 IAEA Safety Standards<br>
slide20. 20 The new development of safety standards The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 IAEA Safety Standards<br>
slide21. National and International Institutions for Standardization In addition to the IAEA Safety Standards a number of national and international industrial standards exist:
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
International Electro-technical Commission (IEC).
To avoid duplication cooperation is established through:
Memorandum of Understanding IAEA/ISO,
Written agreement IAEA/IEC.
Examples of national institutions are:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
German Nuclear Safety Standards Commission (KTA),
Deutsche Institut fur Normung (DIN),
Association Francaise de Normalization (AFNOR). 21 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide22. NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY INTERFACE<br>
slide23. NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY INTERFACE Learning objectives
After completing this chapter, the trainee will be able to:

Describe the synergy between safety and security.
Describe responsibilities for safety and security at different levels.
Define the global nuclear safety and security framework and network
Explain the concepts of safety and security culture. 23 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface<br>
slide24. 07-18 May- 18-29 June 2018 24 Introduction The IAEA promotes nuclear safety and security interface for the protection of people, society and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation
The IAEA promotes a strong and a sustainable global nuclear safety and security framework and network for Member States, to share information, knowledge and experience among the Member States.
The IAEA has also developed a Nuclear Safety and Security Online User Interface to provide the Member States an easy access to the IAEA publications established by the IAEA Nuclear Safety and Security Department. The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface<br>
slide25. 25 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface Nuclear Safety and Security Interface GSR Part 1 Requirement 12: Interfaces of safety with nuclear security and with the State system of accounting for, and control of, nuclear material
“The government shall ensure that, within the governmental and legal framework, adequate infrastructural arrangements are established for interfaces of safety with arrangements for nuclear security and with the State system of accounting for, and control of, nuclear material”
Specific responsibilities within the governmental and legal framework shall include: (a) Assessment of the configuration of facilities and activities…(b) Oversight and enforcement to maintain arrangements for safety/security… (c) Liaison with law enforcement agencies, as appropriate; (d) Integration of emergency response arrangements for safety/security
Safety measures and nuclear security measures shall be designed and implemented in an integrated manner so that both are not compromised Reference: IAEA Safety Standards GSR Part 1 Introduction 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide26. 3 S – Safety, Security, Safeguards: Safety preventing accidents; Security preventing intentional acts; and Safeguards preventing the diversion of nuclear material for nuclear weapons.
Safety protects people from the installation and Security protects installation from people. Both have common objective for protection, hence many actions taken serve both eg. Containment serves both purposes.
Some actions that enhance security might have a negative impact on safety. eg. Strict control access might hinder prompt action necessary in a nuclear safety event—coordinated approach is necessary.
Nuclear Safety: ”The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident sequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards”.
Nuclear Security: “The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities”.
Both rely on DiD: 1) Prevention; 2) early detection and prompt actions; 3) Mitigation; 4) Emergency Planning. 26 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY INTERFACE 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide27. 27 NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY FRAMEWORK Global Nuclear Safety and Security Framework (GNSSF) The GNSSF is a basic conceptual structure and guiding principles for achieving and maintaining a high level of safety and security at nuclear facilities and activities around the world.
A cornerstone for the effectiveness of the GNSSF is strengthening of networking. The Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN) is one of the key elements of the GNSSF
GNSSN has been established for sharing of information, critical knowledge, experience, and lessons learned among the global nuclear safety and security expert Community. 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018 The Vision and Mission of GNSSN was set up with the aim that the information and knowledge are exchanged as broadly as they need to be<br>
slide28. Title of the presentation 28 NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY NETWORK Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN) GNSSN is the gateway to sharing knowledge and services in order to achieve worldwide implementation of a high level of nuclear safety and security
The GNSSN is a human network operating at global, regional and national levels, supported by a strong web platform.
GNSSN is a key support element of the GNSSF defined as “the institutional, legal and technical framework for ensuring the safety of nuclear installations throughout the world.
The objective of this framework is to lead to a world where all nuclear installations are operating safely (INSAG Series No. 21) 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide29. Responsibility for Safety and Security State responsibility: establish legislation and regulatory framework; regulatory authorities be established in safety and security area; establish proper coordination among different agencies; ensure that the main responsibility for both rests with the operator; State support for intelligence information to the operator
RB Responsibility: define the requirements to be fulfilled; inspection and enforcement system; emergency response system to be put in place at all levels.
Responsibility of the operating organization: prime responsibility for safety and security rests with the licensee; help from national police and military in security issues; national intelligence agencies might also be asked; plant vulnerabilities are however best identified by the operating organization. 29 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide30. Safety and Security at Nuclear Installations Safety and Security Culture
Definition of Safety Culture :
“that assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals which establishes that, as an overriding priority, nuclear safety issues receive the attention warranted by their significance”.
Definition of nuclear security culture is the same, just the focus is on security issues.
There are some differences. eg. Safety culture asks for transparency and cooperation in information exchange on safety issues, however, the same does not apply for security;
Emergency preparedness and response
Emergency plans are developed at different levels such as State, Municipal and Plant. Safety and security plans must be compatible and complementary. Joint exercises are necessary.
Safety and security considerations
Safety and security considerations are needed during Siting – possible vulnerabilities identified; Design – DiD principles are applied; Construction – large number of subcontractors; Operation – during outages and modifications 30 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide31. Questions 10-15 minutes discussion What are the underlying principles governing the review process under the Nuclear Safety Convention.
Describe the main elements of the IAEA Safety Standards Series publications.
Describe synergy between nuclear safety and security.
Give an example when nuclear safety and security measures can be in conflict.
What is the difference between safety and security culture? 31 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide32. Summary The IAEA serves as secretariat for Legally binding conventions and non-binding codes of conduct and safety standards.
Five conventions in nuclear, radiation, transport and waste safety and two Codes of Conduct have been adopted
Three levels of Safety Standards Series
Safety protects people from the installation; Security protects installation from people.
3 S – Safety, Security, Safeguards a coordinated approach to safety and security is necessary.
GNSSN for sharing of information, knowledge, experience, and lessons learned among the global nuclear safety and security expert community. 32 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide33. Key points 5 Legally binding conventions,
2 Non-binding codes of conduct and safety standards.
3 S – Safety, Security, Safeguards
Prime responsibility for safety and security rests with the licensee 33 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide34. List of abbreviations DiD- Defence in Depth
EC- European Commission
GNSSF - Global Nuclear Safety and Security Framework
GNSSN - Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network
NSC- Nuclear Safety Convention
NUSS - Nuclear Safety Standards
RR- Research Reactors 34 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide35. References INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Convention on Nuclear Safety, INFCIRC/449, IAEA, Vienna (1994).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, INFCIRC/274/Rev. 1, IAEA, Vienna (1980).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, INFCIRC/335, IAEA, Vienna (1986).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, INFCIRC/336, IAEA, Vienna (1986).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, INFCIRC/546, IAEA, Vienna (1997).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, The Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, IAEA/CODEOC/2004, IAEA, Vienna (2004).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources, IAEA/CODEOC/IMP-EXP/2005, IAEA, Vienna (2005).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, GOV/INF/2005/10-GC(49)/INF/6, IAEA, Vienna (2005).
INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY GROUP, The Interface Between Safety and Security at Nuclear Power Plants INSAG-24, IAEA, Vienna (2010).
INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY ADVISORY GROUP, Safety Culture INSAG-4, IAEA, Vienna (1991).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Nuclear Security Culture, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 7, IAEA, Vienna (2008).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety Requirements GS-R Part 1, IAEA, Vienna 35 The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface 07-18 May - 18-29 June 2018<br>
slide36. Thank you! The International Nuclear Safety Regime and Nuclear Safety and Security Interface<br>