BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS introduction definition
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BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS introduction definition causes of behavioural disorders types of behavioural disorders assessment of common behavioural disorders. description of behavioural disorders conclusion INTRODUCTION Behavioral disorders
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01
BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS<br>
02
introduction
definition
causes of behavioural disorders
types of behavioural disorders
assessment of common behavioural disorders.
description of behavioural disorders
conclusion<br>
definition
causes of behavioural disorders
types of behavioural disorders
assessment of common behavioural disorders.
description of behavioural disorders
conclusion<br>
03
INTRODUCTION
Behavioral disorders include many tension reducing activities that appear during childhood at various levels of development.
Some of these habits develop through imitation from adults where as other as purposeful movement<br>
Behavioral disorders include many tension reducing activities that appear during childhood at various levels of development.
Some of these habits develop through imitation from adults where as other as purposeful movement<br>
04
DEFINITION
When children cannot adjust to a complex environment around them, they become unable to behave in the socially acceptable way resulting in exhibition of peculiar behaviours and this is called as behavioural problems.<br>
When children cannot adjust to a complex environment around them, they become unable to behave in the socially acceptable way resulting in exhibition of peculiar behaviours and this is called as behavioural problems.<br>
05
CAUSES OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
Faulty Parental Attitude
Inadequate Family Environment
Mentally and Physically Sick or Handicapped Conditions
Influence of Social Relationship
Influence of Mass Media
Influence of Social Change<br>
Faulty Parental Attitude
Inadequate Family Environment
Mentally and Physically Sick or Handicapped Conditions
Influence of Social Relationship
Influence of Mass Media
Influence of Social Change<br>
06
TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN
Behavioural disorder results due to deprivation in the following area:-
Emotional Deprivation
Physical Deprivation
Social Deprivation
Other forms<br>
Behavioural disorder results due to deprivation in the following area:-
Emotional Deprivation
Physical Deprivation
Social Deprivation
Other forms<br>
07
EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION
It occurs when a child is criticized, neglected, ignored or abused by primary caregiver.
Temper tantrum
Breath holding spells
Jealousy
Insomnia
Nightmares / night terrors
Somnolence
Bruxism
Masturbation or Homosexuality<br>
It occurs when a child is criticized, neglected, ignored or abused by primary caregiver.
Temper tantrum
Breath holding spells
Jealousy
Insomnia
Nightmares / night terrors
Somnolence
Bruxism
Masturbation or Homosexuality<br>
08
PHYSICAL DEPRIVATION
A physically deprived child may develop:-
Enuresis (Bed wetting)
Encopresis
Thumb Sucking
Tics
Nail Biting
Pica
ADHD<br>
A physically deprived child may develop:-
Enuresis (Bed wetting)
Encopresis
Thumb Sucking
Tics
Nail Biting
Pica
ADHD<br>
09
SOCIAL DEPRIVATION
It is the reduction of culturally normal interaction between individual and society:
Juvenile Delinquency
School Phobia
Stealing
Repeated Failures
Lying
Aggressiveness/Destructiveness<br>
It is the reduction of culturally normal interaction between individual and society:
Juvenile Delinquency
School Phobia
Stealing
Repeated Failures
Lying
Aggressiveness/Destructiveness<br>
10
OTHER FORMS
Speech Disorder
Sibling Rivalry<br>
Speech Disorder
Sibling Rivalry<br>
11
ASSESSMENT OF COMMON BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
Assess whether child is happy or difficult to manage
Child’s response to new situation
Excessive demand of attention
Problems of toilet and bladder
Habit of nail biting, thumb sucking, pica etc.<br>
Assess whether child is happy or difficult to manage
Child’s response to new situation
Excessive demand of attention
Problems of toilet and bladder
Habit of nail biting, thumb sucking, pica etc.<br>
12
1. TEMPERTANTRUM
Temper tantrum is a sudden outburst or violent display of anger, frustration and bad temper as physical aggression or resistance such as rigid body, biting, kicking, throwing objects, hitting, crying, rolling on floor, screaming loudly, banging limbs, etc.<br>
Temper tantrum is a sudden outburst or violent display of anger, frustration and bad temper as physical aggression or resistance such as rigid body, biting, kicking, throwing objects, hitting, crying, rolling on floor, screaming loudly, banging limbs, etc.<br>
13
SYMPTOMS
Loud cry
Shouting
Kicking
Biting
Head Banging
Screaming
Throwing and breaking objects
Inflicting self injury<br>
Loud cry
Shouting
Kicking
Biting
Head Banging
Screaming
Throwing and breaking objects
Inflicting self injury<br>
14
MANAGEMENT
Support the child and protect from self harm.
Take away the child from immediate cause in a calm and quiet way.
Wash the face and hands of child and change clothes.
Educate the child about acceptable behaviour and give toys and emphasize on play therapy.<br>
Support the child and protect from self harm.
Take away the child from immediate cause in a calm and quiet way.
Wash the face and hands of child and change clothes.
Educate the child about acceptable behaviour and give toys and emphasize on play therapy.<br>
15
2. BREATH HOLDING SPELLS.
brief periods for which young children stop breathing for 1 minute.
often causes a child to lose consciousness
Two types:
Cyanotic Spell - It is caused by a change in child’s usual breathing pattern, usually in response to feeling angry or frustrated
Pallid Spell - It is caused by slowing of child’s heart rate usually in response to pain<br>
brief periods for which young children stop breathing for 1 minute.
often causes a child to lose consciousness
Two types:
Cyanotic Spell - It is caused by a change in child’s usual breathing pattern, usually in response to feeling angry or frustrated
Pallid Spell - It is caused by slowing of child’s heart rate usually in response to pain<br>
16
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Fainting
Stiff body
Too fast or too hard breath
Long pause before child takes another breath
Red or blue purple lips
Intense/single or no cry at all<br>
Fainting
Stiff body
Too fast or too hard breath
Long pause before child takes another breath
Red or blue purple lips
Intense/single or no cry at all<br>
17
MANAGEMENT
During the episode, make the child lay down on floor and prevent his/her arms or legs from hitting any sharp object.
After the episode, child starts breathing immediately after 1 min. But if the child does not breathes then call emergency.
Give plenty of rest.<br>
During the episode, make the child lay down on floor and prevent his/her arms or legs from hitting any sharp object.
After the episode, child starts breathing immediately after 1 min. But if the child does not breathes then call emergency.
Give plenty of rest.<br>
18
3. JEALOUSY
Jealousy is a normal response to actual, supposed or threatened loss of affection. e.g. the birth of an additional family member
SYMPTOMS
Aggressive nature
Roughly handling of new baby
Children may act naughty to get attention
Gets detached or becomes over affectionate<br>
Jealousy is a normal response to actual, supposed or threatened loss of affection. e.g. the birth of an additional family member
SYMPTOMS
Aggressive nature
Roughly handling of new baby
Children may act naughty to get attention
Gets detached or becomes over affectionate<br>
19
MANAGEMENT
Never punish the child for his feeling of jealousy
Teach the child to deal effectively with his emotions
Parents should treat child equally and avoid comparison
Professional help can be taken in complicated cases<br>
Never punish the child for his feeling of jealousy
Teach the child to deal effectively with his emotions
Parents should treat child equally and avoid comparison
Professional help can be taken in complicated cases<br>
20
4. SOMNILOQUY
a sleep disorder that refers to talking aloud while asleep, ranging from simple mumbling sounds to loud shouts.
SYMPTOMS
Talking irregularly and giving gaps like normal conversation.
Giving good facial expressions in sleep<br>
a sleep disorder that refers to talking aloud while asleep, ranging from simple mumbling sounds to loud shouts.
SYMPTOMS
Talking irregularly and giving gaps like normal conversation.
Giving good facial expressions in sleep<br>
21
MANAGEMENT
Sleep along with the child and assure that parents are with him/her.
Satisfy the child’s needs.
Resolve conflicts with other children.
Try to make good relationship with child.
Do not show movie or tell story before sleeping.<br>
Sleep along with the child and assure that parents are with him/her.
Satisfy the child’s needs.
Resolve conflicts with other children.
Try to make good relationship with child.
Do not show movie or tell story before sleeping.<br>
22
6. SOMNABULISM
a phenomenon of sleep and wakefulness combined, sleep walking occurs at a state of low consciousness and child performs activities that are usually performed in full consciousness.
SYMPTOMS
Sitting up in the bed.
Walking to the bathroom and cleaning it.
Initiating hazardous activities like cooking, driving and grabbing hallucinated objects.
Homicide<br>
a phenomenon of sleep and wakefulness combined, sleep walking occurs at a state of low consciousness and child performs activities that are usually performed in full consciousness.
SYMPTOMS
Sitting up in the bed.
Walking to the bathroom and cleaning it.
Initiating hazardous activities like cooking, driving and grabbing hallucinated objects.
Homicide<br>
23
MANAGEMENT
Lock the doors and windows of the room in which child is sleeping.
Remove all dangerous and hazardous objects,
Give small dose of Diazepam in severe cases.
Consult physician in uncontrollable cases.<br>
Lock the doors and windows of the room in which child is sleeping.
Remove all dangerous and hazardous objects,
Give small dose of Diazepam in severe cases.
Consult physician in uncontrollable cases.<br>
24
7. NIGHTMARES AND NIGHT TERRORS
NIGHTMARES:- the child gets awakened due to a frightening bad dream but the child is conscious about the surrounding.
NIGHT TERRORS:- the child gets awakened during sleep and sits up screaming and terrified to recognize the surrounding & after sometime sleeps again.<br>
NIGHTMARES:- the child gets awakened due to a frightening bad dream but the child is conscious about the surrounding.
NIGHT TERRORS:- the child gets awakened during sleep and sits up screaming and terrified to recognize the surrounding & after sometime sleeps again.<br>
25
SYMPTOMS
Child suddenly awakes during sleep periods
Child gets frightened and may not be fully alert
Child describes frightening dreams in detail
He/she seeks and responds to comfort given by parents.
May resist return to bed because of fear of recurrence.<br>
Child suddenly awakes during sleep periods
Child gets frightened and may not be fully alert
Child describes frightening dreams in detail
He/she seeks and responds to comfort given by parents.
May resist return to bed because of fear of recurrence.<br>
26
MANAGEMENT
Give reassurance by holding him/her
Speak in very soothing tone that there is nothing wrong.
Discuss the dream images with the child and work together to change the outcome
Let child to go to bed in same time daily
Avoid scary books or movies at night<br>
Give reassurance by holding him/her
Speak in very soothing tone that there is nothing wrong.
Discuss the dream images with the child and work together to change the outcome
Let child to go to bed in same time daily
Avoid scary books or movies at night<br>
27
8. INSOMNIA
It is a sleep disturbance in which children have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep at night.
SYMPTOMS
Decreased attention span
Mood swings
Irritability
Being sleepy during the day.
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep or waking up too early in morning.<br>
It is a sleep disturbance in which children have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep at night.
SYMPTOMS
Decreased attention span
Mood swings
Irritability
Being sleepy during the day.
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep or waking up too early in morning.<br>
28
MANAGEMENT
Provide deep breathing, positive mental imaginary while lying in bed and other relaxation technique.
Set bedtime to obtain usual timing of sleep.
Provide a comfortable sleep environment.<br>
Provide deep breathing, positive mental imaginary while lying in bed and other relaxation technique.
Set bedtime to obtain usual timing of sleep.
Provide a comfortable sleep environment.<br>
29
9. BRUXISM
It is excessive grinding or clenching of teeth while sleeping which is not related to normal function of eating or talking.
SYMPTOMS
Excessive teeth wear.
Tooth fractures
Hypersensitive teeth
Grinding or tapping noise during sleep
Cheek/lip biting
Tenderness, pain or muscle fatigue
Headache particularly in temples
MANAGEMENT
Repairing of damaged teeth.
Dental restoration like crown filling.<br>
It is excessive grinding or clenching of teeth while sleeping which is not related to normal function of eating or talking.
SYMPTOMS
Excessive teeth wear.
Tooth fractures
Hypersensitive teeth
Grinding or tapping noise during sleep
Cheek/lip biting
Tenderness, pain or muscle fatigue
Headache particularly in temples
MANAGEMENT
Repairing of damaged teeth.
Dental restoration like crown filling.<br>
30
10. MASTURBATION AND HOMOSEXUALITY (not disorders in the latest classification)
Masturbation:- It is the stimulation and manipulation of one’s own genitals in order to achieve pleasure / orgasm.
Homosexuality:- It is the sexual attraction between the members of same sex or gender.
These behaviours may interfere with normal living of the children, which requires help<br>
Masturbation:- It is the stimulation and manipulation of one’s own genitals in order to achieve pleasure / orgasm.
Homosexuality:- It is the sexual attraction between the members of same sex or gender.
These behaviours may interfere with normal living of the children, which requires help<br>
31
MANAGEMENT
Parents should not scold or show negative attitude towards child’s behaviour.
Advice and educate the child in a non threatening way about acceptable behaviour in public.
As intellectual development progresses incidence of masturbation declines<br>
Parents should not scold or show negative attitude towards child’s behaviour.
Advice and educate the child in a non threatening way about acceptable behaviour in public.
As intellectual development progresses incidence of masturbation declines<br>
32
DISORDERS CAUSED BY PHYSICAL DEPRIVATION
1. ENURESIS
bed wetting after the age of 5, a common pediatric problem of repeated involuntary urination at an age in which voluntary bladder control should have established.
• PRIMARY ENURESIS :- In this child is never dry at night and occurs as a result of rigid bladder training by parents who are over anxious.
• SECONDARY ENURESIS :- It is characterized by initial control of bladder that later gets disrupted by stressful environment.<br>
1. ENURESIS
bed wetting after the age of 5, a common pediatric problem of repeated involuntary urination at an age in which voluntary bladder control should have established.
• PRIMARY ENURESIS :- In this child is never dry at night and occurs as a result of rigid bladder training by parents who are over anxious.
• SECONDARY ENURESIS :- It is characterized by initial control of bladder that later gets disrupted by stressful environment.<br>
33
SYMPTOMS
Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes.
Soiling themselves.
MANAGEMENT
Reward the child for dry nights
Wake up the child once or twice at night to void
Do not give strict bladder and bowel training
Make the child void before going to bed
Do not give excess fluid to child after 6-7 pm<br>
Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes.
Soiling themselves.
MANAGEMENT
Reward the child for dry nights
Wake up the child once or twice at night to void
Do not give strict bladder and bowel training
Make the child void before going to bed
Do not give excess fluid to child after 6-7 pm<br>
34
2. ENCOPRESIS
repeated voluntary or involuntary passage of feces of normal or near normal consistency in places not appropriate for that purpose.
CAUSES
1. Psychosocial stress like entering new school
2. Child with emotional problem
3. Subconscious anger
MANAGEMENT
Give family counselling about the problem.
Provide minerals and vitamins if deficiency occurs.
Educate parents that toilet training is a developmental process which happens in time.
Do not give too strict toilet training.<br>
repeated voluntary or involuntary passage of feces of normal or near normal consistency in places not appropriate for that purpose.
CAUSES
1. Psychosocial stress like entering new school
2. Child with emotional problem
3. Subconscious anger
MANAGEMENT
Give family counselling about the problem.
Provide minerals and vitamins if deficiency occurs.
Educate parents that toilet training is a developmental process which happens in time.
Do not give too strict toilet training.<br>
35
3. TICS
a nonvoluntary body movement or vocal sound made repeatedly or suddenly.
a manifestation of discharge of tension.
Simple tics
involves only few muscles or sounds that are not words (nose wrinkling, facial grimace, jerking the neck and shrugging the shoulders.
Complex tics
involves multiple group or muscles or complete words or sentences (same motions with hands repeatedly, touching or smelling an object repeatedly and holding body in unusual position)<br>
a nonvoluntary body movement or vocal sound made repeatedly or suddenly.
a manifestation of discharge of tension.
Simple tics
involves only few muscles or sounds that are not words (nose wrinkling, facial grimace, jerking the neck and shrugging the shoulders.
Complex tics
involves multiple group or muscles or complete words or sentences (same motions with hands repeatedly, touching or smelling an object repeatedly and holding body in unusual position)<br>
36
Sensory tics
repeated unwanted or uncomfortable sensation arise (repeated feeling of blinking the eyes)
Phantom tics
the least common type where out of body variation takes place and the person feels a sensation in other people or object (experience relief by touching or scratching the object involved)
MANAGEMENT
To be ignored by caregivers
Allow the child to discuss concerns related to school and family.
Refer child for medical evaluation if tic does not decrease<br>
repeated unwanted or uncomfortable sensation arise (repeated feeling of blinking the eyes)
Phantom tics
the least common type where out of body variation takes place and the person feels a sensation in other people or object (experience relief by touching or scratching the object involved)
MANAGEMENT
To be ignored by caregivers
Allow the child to discuss concerns related to school and family.
Refer child for medical evaluation if tic does not decrease<br>
37
5. NAIL BITING
a common habit of childhood
an overt evidence of anxiety in older children
thumb suckers change to nail biters as they grow older
SYMPTOMS
Biting nails of all the fingers.
The cuticle, skin margins, and surrounding tissue of the nail gets affected.
Nail cutting is painful and the child may use this as a form of self punishment.<br>
a common habit of childhood
an overt evidence of anxiety in older children
thumb suckers change to nail biters as they grow older
SYMPTOMS
Biting nails of all the fingers.
The cuticle, skin margins, and surrounding tissue of the nail gets affected.
Nail cutting is painful and the child may use this as a form of self punishment.<br>
38
MANAGEMENT
Assess the psychological environment of the child
Do not scold or punish the child for it
Use a bitter substance applied for nails
Keep child’s hand soft by applying lotion or warm oil<br>
Assess the psychological environment of the child
Do not scold or punish the child for it
Use a bitter substance applied for nails
Keep child’s hand soft by applying lotion or warm oil<br>
39
6. PICA
eating substances other than food (clay, sand, plaster from walls)
frequent in first year of life but may be seen in grown ups
SYMPTOMS
1. Lack of appetite
2. Lots of hair collection in stomach
3. Intestinal and parasitic infection
4. Minerals and vitamin deficiencies
MANAGEMENT
Proper supervision of parents
Provide psychotherapy
Provide treatment of worm infestations<br>
eating substances other than food (clay, sand, plaster from walls)
frequent in first year of life but may be seen in grown ups
SYMPTOMS
1. Lack of appetite
2. Lots of hair collection in stomach
3. Intestinal and parasitic infection
4. Minerals and vitamin deficiencies
MANAGEMENT
Proper supervision of parents
Provide psychotherapy
Provide treatment of worm infestations<br>
40
7. THUMB SUCKING
Sucking is the infant’s chief pleasure through which they get love, affection and satisfaction.
Infants do thumb sucking if they lack oral satisfaction.
CAUSES
Sign of boredom, stress and isolation
Lack of bonding between parent and child
Manifestation of feeling of insecurity
Infants deprived of sucking and breast feeding<br>
Sucking is the infant’s chief pleasure through which they get love, affection and satisfaction.
Infants do thumb sucking if they lack oral satisfaction.
CAUSES
Sign of boredom, stress and isolation
Lack of bonding between parent and child
Manifestation of feeling of insecurity
Infants deprived of sucking and breast feeding<br>
41
MANAGEMENT
Mother should fulfill the need for sucking by allowing for breastfeed.
Always praise and encourage the child which helps to give up thumb sucking.
Parents should not show anxiety till the child is 4 years old<br>
Mother should fulfill the need for sucking by allowing for breastfeed.
Always praise and encourage the child which helps to give up thumb sucking.
Parents should not show anxiety till the child is 4 years old<br>
42
Disorders caused by social deprivation
1. JUVENILE DELIQUENCY
defined as an individual under the age of 16 who fails to abide by the laws.
Characteristics of juvenile delinquency:
The behaviour is marked by violation of law, persistent mischievousness, antisocial behaviour, disobedience etc.<br>
1. JUVENILE DELIQUENCY
defined as an individual under the age of 16 who fails to abide by the laws.
Characteristics of juvenile delinquency:
The behaviour is marked by violation of law, persistent mischievousness, antisocial behaviour, disobedience etc.<br>
43
Interventions
Family should act as role model and support their children
juvenile correction homes provide safety and supervision of delinquent children
Juvenile justice board seeks to provide protection and safety of public and of the minors who have come in contact with court.
Conclusion
Behaviour disorders are tension reducing activities that appear during childhood
education to parents is a part of this process which help parents to guide their children<br>
Family should act as role model and support their children
juvenile correction homes provide safety and supervision of delinquent children
Juvenile justice board seeks to provide protection and safety of public and of the minors who have come in contact with court.
Conclusion
Behaviour disorders are tension reducing activities that appear during childhood
education to parents is a part of this process which help parents to guide their children<br>
44
2. SCHOOL PHOBIA
Definition
School phobia is also known as school refusal or school avoidance
Children who resist going to school or who demonstrate extreme refusal to attend school for a sustained period of time are said to have school phobia.
They demonstrate signs like leg pain, headache, nausea, vomiting etc.<br>
Definition
School phobia is also known as school refusal or school avoidance
Children who resist going to school or who demonstrate extreme refusal to attend school for a sustained period of time are said to have school phobia.
They demonstrate signs like leg pain, headache, nausea, vomiting etc.<br>
45
MANAGEMENT
Treatment depends upon the cause
Examine the relationship of child with teachers and with the peer group
Reward the children for going to school on daily basis
Professional child consultation in severe problem<br>
Treatment depends upon the cause
Examine the relationship of child with teachers and with the peer group
Reward the children for going to school on daily basis
Professional child consultation in severe problem<br>
46
OTHER DISORDERS
SPEECH PROBLEMS
Stuttering or stammering
a fluency disorder beginning between 3-5 years probably due to inability to adjust with stress
characterized by interruptions in the flow of speech, hesitations, spasmodic repetitions etc.<br>
SPEECH PROBLEMS
Stuttering or stammering
a fluency disorder beginning between 3-5 years probably due to inability to adjust with stress
characterized by interruptions in the flow of speech, hesitations, spasmodic repetitions etc.<br>
47
Cluttering
Cluttering is characterized by unclear and hurried speech in which words tremble over each other.
These are awkward movement of hand feet and body.
Distalia
the disorder of difficulty in articulation which is caused by abnormalities in jaw and palate<br>
Cluttering is characterized by unclear and hurried speech in which words tremble over each other.
These are awkward movement of hand feet and body.
Distalia
the disorder of difficulty in articulation which is caused by abnormalities in jaw and palate<br>
48
MANAGEMENT
Speech disorders are managed by:
Behaviour modification and relaxation therapy.
Reassure the child and help in breath control exercise.
Speech therapy
Common points of managing behaviour disorders
Discipline the child
Behaviour modification
Strategy of ignoring<br>
Speech disorders are managed by:
Behaviour modification and relaxation therapy.
Reassure the child and help in breath control exercise.
Speech therapy
Common points of managing behaviour disorders
Discipline the child
Behaviour modification
Strategy of ignoring<br>
49
Thank you<br>