Data collection process Data Collection Data are

slide1. Data collection process<br>
slide2. Data Collection Data are the observable and measurable facts that provide information about phenomenon under study.<br>
slide3. Data Sources Primary sources-
Primary data are directly collected from the research units, which may be individuals, objects, programmes, or institutions.
Secondary sources-
Secondary data are collected from either internal or external secondary sources.<br>
slide4. Selection of methods of data collection The nature of phenomenon under study
Type of research subjects
Type of research study
The purpose of research study
Size of study sample
Distribution of target population
Time frame
Literacy level of subjects
Availability of resources and manpower
Researcher’s knowledge level and manpower<br>
slide5. Methods of data collection Interview
Questioning
Observation
Biophysiological methods
Other methods<br>
slide6. Interview A method of data collection in which one person (interviewer) asks the questions from another person (respondent), which is conducted either face to face or telephonically.<br>
slide7. Benefits Provide in-depth and detailed information
Permits greater depth of response
Data from illiterate subjects
Higher response
Clarify misunderstandings
Ask questions at several levels
Use of special devices
Accuracy can be checked
Flexible and adaptable<br>
slide8. Interviewing Process Preparation for interview
Pre-interview introduction
Developing rapport
Carrying the interview forward
Recording the interview
Closing the interview<br>
slide9. Questionnaire A questionnaire is a planned self-reported form designed to elicit information though written or verbal responses of the subjects.<br>
slide10. Types of questions Open-format questions-
These are those questions which provide opportunity to the respondents to express their opinions and answers in their own way.

Closed format questions-
These questions offer respondents a number of alternative replies, from which the subjects must choose the one that most likely matches the appropriate answer.<br>
slide11. Closed format questions Dichotomus questions
Multiple choice questions
Cafeteria questions
Rank order questions
Contingency questions
Rating questions
Importance questions
Likert questions
Bipolar questions
Matrix questions<br>
slide12. Likert Scale It is a composite measure of attitudes that involve summation of scores on set of items(statements) to which respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement.<br>
slide13. Example<br>
slide14. Characteristics Psychological measurement scale
Illustrative in nature
Neutral Statements
Bipolar scaling method
Measurement of the specific number of scaling categories<br>
slide15. Observation It is a part process to collect data for study that includes an observer ( someone who is observing) and the observed ( there is something to observe).<br>
slide16. Types Structured observation
Unstructured observation
Participant observation
Nonparticipant observation<br>
slide17. Planning for observation Determine the focus
Design a system for data collection
Select the sites
Select the observer
Train the observers
Time your observations appropriately<br>
slide18. Rating Scale Rating scale refers to a scale with set of opinion, which describes varying degree of the dimensions of an attitude being observed.<br>
slide19. 3 point scale –

Always Sometimes Never
5 point scale-

No pain 1 2 3 4 Worst pain<br>
slide20. Types of Rating scales Graphic rating scale
Descriptive rating scale
Numerical rating scale
Comparative rating scale<br>
slide21. Checklist A checklist is a simple instrument consisting prepared list of expected items of performance or attributes, which are checked by a researcher for their presence or absence.<br>
slide23. Biophysiological Methods It involves the collection of biophysiological data from subjects by using the specialized equipments to determine physical and biological status of subjects.<br>
slide24. Types of Biophysiological Methods In vivo biophysiological methods
In vitro biophysiological methods<br>
slide25. Projective Techniques These are methods for measuring psychological attritbutes(value, attitudes, and personality providing respondents with unstructured stimuli to which they respond.<br>
slide26. Validity Validity refers to an instrument or test actually testing what to be testing.
- Treece and Treece
Validity refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it suppose to measuring.
- Polit and Hungler<br>
slide27. Types Face validity- It involves an overall look of an instrument regarding its appropriateness to measure a particular attribute or phenomenon.
Content validity- It is concerned with scope of coverage of the content area to be measured.
Criterion validity- This type of validity is a relationship between measurements of the instrument with some other external criteria.
Construct validity- It is a key criterion for assessing the quality of a study, and construct validity has most often been addressed in terms of measurement issues.<br>
slide28. Reliability Reliability is the degree of consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures the attribute for which it is designed to measure.<br>
slide29. Measuring of Reliability Stability- The stability aspect of reliability means research instrument provides same results when it is used consecutively for two or more times.
Internal consistency- It is also called homogenity. Internal consistency ensures that all the subparts of a research instrument measure the same characteristics.
Equivalence- In this a researcher is testing the reliability of a tool, which is used by two different observers to observe a single phenomenon<br>
slide30. Pilot study It is referred to a small-scale preliminary tryout of the method to be used in an actually large study.<br>