Employment Trends 1 Trends in employment level

Transcript:Employment Trends 1 Trends in employment level:
Employment Trends 1 Trends in employment level Total employment How does it look like since WWII Employment rate = (employment/working-age population) How does it look like since WWII How? Men out, women in Shifts in composition of employment Fishing Agriculture Manufacturing (good-producing) Service Government Non-government 2 Now, about ¾ in services All around the world Why the big change? Relative productivities Real incomes and necessities/luxury goods Contracting services out and accounting for that Globalization and “outsourcing” Many (not all) services are difficult to outsource Services as inputs 3 Shifts in occupations More Managerial Clerical Sales Communication Finance Less Manufacturing Mechanical Unskilled Transportation Primary Same Construction 4 Shifts in modes Non-standard employment Not full-time, not full-year, not permanent paid Part-time Less than 30 hrs/week About 12% in 1970s About 20% in 2000s Strong gender bias - women Mostly service sector Many may be underemployed Would prefer full time 5 Multiple jobholding (moonlighting) Gender bias – men (3/4) But women increase (sign of underemployment?) Age bias - young Trend to multi-career Main reason reported is financial Own-account self-employment Working on your own without paid employees Gender bias – men Age bias – older 6 Temporary work Term and contract 1/2 Gender bias - men Casual and on-call 1/4 Gender bias - women Seasonal 1/4 Gender bias – men Bad data due to changing definitions Why the increase? Demographic changes – not clear Businesses trying to go around regulations Payroll tax Mandated benefits Globalization and flexibility Functional flexibility Numerical flexibility 7 Trends in hours of work DOWN 1900, about 59 hrs/week Now, about 38 hrs/week Why? Growing productivity and leisure time as luxury 8