Employment Trends 1 Trends in employment level
Description: Employment Trends 1 Trends in employment level Total employment How does it look like since WWII Employment rate (employmentworking-age population) How does it look like since WWII How? Men out, women in Shifts in composition of
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slide1. Employment Trends 1<br>
slide2. Trends in employment level
Total employment
How does it look like since WWII
Employment rate
= (employment/working-age population)
How does it look like since WWII
How?
Men out, women in
Shifts in composition of employment
Fishing
Agriculture
Manufacturing (good-producing)
Service
Government
Non-government 2<br>
slide3. Now, about ¾ in services
All around the world
Why the big change?
Relative productivities
Real incomes and necessities/luxury goods
Contracting services out and accounting for that
Globalization and “outsourcing”
Many (not all) services are difficult to outsource
Services as inputs 3<br>
slide4. Shifts in occupations
More
Managerial
Clerical
Sales
Communication
Finance
Less
Manufacturing
Mechanical
Unskilled
Transportation
Primary
Same
Construction 4<br>
slide5. Shifts in modes
Non-standard employment
Not full-time, not full-year, not permanent paid
Part-time
Less than 30 hrs/week
About 12% in 1970s
About 20% in 2000s
Strong gender bias - women
Mostly service sector
Many may be underemployed
Would prefer full time 5<br>
slide6. Multiple jobholding (moonlighting)
Gender bias – men (3/4)
But women increase (sign of underemployment?)
Age bias - young
Trend to multi-career
Main reason reported is financial
Own-account self-employment
Working on your own without paid employees
Gender bias – men
Age bias – older 6<br>
slide7. Temporary work
Term and contract 1/2
Gender bias - men
Casual and on-call 1/4
Gender bias - women
Seasonal 1/4
Gender bias – men
Bad data due to changing definitions
Why the increase?
Demographic changes – not clear
Businesses trying to go around regulations
Payroll tax
Mandated benefits
Globalization and flexibility
Functional flexibility
Numerical flexibility 7<br>
slide8. Trends in hours of work
DOWN
1900, about 59 hrs/week
Now, about 38 hrs/week
Why?
Growing productivity and leisure time as luxury 8<br>
slide2. Trends in employment level
Total employment
How does it look like since WWII
Employment rate
= (employment/working-age population)
How does it look like since WWII
How?
Men out, women in
Shifts in composition of employment
Fishing
Agriculture
Manufacturing (good-producing)
Service
Government
Non-government 2<br>
slide3. Now, about ¾ in services
All around the world
Why the big change?
Relative productivities
Real incomes and necessities/luxury goods
Contracting services out and accounting for that
Globalization and “outsourcing”
Many (not all) services are difficult to outsource
Services as inputs 3<br>
slide4. Shifts in occupations
More
Managerial
Clerical
Sales
Communication
Finance
Less
Manufacturing
Mechanical
Unskilled
Transportation
Primary
Same
Construction 4<br>
slide5. Shifts in modes
Non-standard employment
Not full-time, not full-year, not permanent paid
Part-time
Less than 30 hrs/week
About 12% in 1970s
About 20% in 2000s
Strong gender bias - women
Mostly service sector
Many may be underemployed
Would prefer full time 5<br>
slide6. Multiple jobholding (moonlighting)
Gender bias – men (3/4)
But women increase (sign of underemployment?)
Age bias - young
Trend to multi-career
Main reason reported is financial
Own-account self-employment
Working on your own without paid employees
Gender bias – men
Age bias – older 6<br>
slide7. Temporary work
Term and contract 1/2
Gender bias - men
Casual and on-call 1/4
Gender bias - women
Seasonal 1/4
Gender bias – men
Bad data due to changing definitions
Why the increase?
Demographic changes – not clear
Businesses trying to go around regulations
Payroll tax
Mandated benefits
Globalization and flexibility
Functional flexibility
Numerical flexibility 7<br>
slide8. Trends in hours of work
DOWN
1900, about 59 hrs/week
Now, about 38 hrs/week
Why?
Growing productivity and leisure time as luxury 8<br>