Introduction and detection of explosive compounds
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Introduction and detection of explosive compounds Do explosives burns or blast? What is explosive train? What are home made bombs? Are our aviations securities secure? Which is the most advanced detector? What if you as an chief security
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01
Introduction and detection of explosive compounds<br>
02
Do explosives burns or blast?
What is explosive train?
What are home made bombs?
Are our aviations securities secure?
Which is the most advanced detector?
What if you as an chief security officer hear about the blast in your region? Your duties…
Why proper investigation is necessary in explosion cases? Some questions for you:<br>
What is explosive train?
What are home made bombs?
Are our aviations securities secure?
Which is the most advanced detector?
What if you as an chief security officer hear about the blast in your region? Your duties…
Why proper investigation is necessary in explosion cases? Some questions for you:<br>
03
Ajmer Blast "bomb blast" triggered by Maoists on the rail track caused the derailment of the Howrah-Kurla express train NEWS BLOCKS<br>
04
ARE WE ALL SAFE???<br>
05
Explosives and Explosions The Chemistry of High Energy Organic Compounds<br>
06
What is an Explosion? Rapid burning of a material resulting in a sudden build-up and release of heat and gas pressure.<br>
07
Explosive compounds Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures
which will on application of an external stimulus
heat, shock, friction or ignition
undergo a rapid chemical decomposition.
The chemical reaction results in sudden release of large amount of energy due to liberation of gas and temperature.
The pressure thus generated is thrust out equally in all directions.
All explosive compounds can be considered to be composed of three components namely Fuel, Oxidizer and Sensitizer.<br>
which will on application of an external stimulus
heat, shock, friction or ignition
undergo a rapid chemical decomposition.
The chemical reaction results in sudden release of large amount of energy due to liberation of gas and temperature.
The pressure thus generated is thrust out equally in all directions.
All explosive compounds can be considered to be composed of three components namely Fuel, Oxidizer and Sensitizer.<br>
08
Explosive Train
An arrangement of a series of combustible and
explosive elements consisting of a primer, a detonator,
a delay, a relay, a lead and booster charge, one or more of which
may be either combined with another element or omitted.
The function of the explosive train is to accomplish the controlled
augmentation of a relatively small impulse
into one of sufficient energy to cause the main charge of the
munition to function.
A train of combustible and explosive elements arranged in
order of decreasing sensitivity.
The explosive train accomplishes the controlled augmentation of
small impulse into one of suitable energy to actuate the main charge.
Delay fuse _> shell leader _> lifting charge _> shell delay
_> bursting charg e _> star prime _> star.<br>
An arrangement of a series of combustible and
explosive elements consisting of a primer, a detonator,
a delay, a relay, a lead and booster charge, one or more of which
may be either combined with another element or omitted.
The function of the explosive train is to accomplish the controlled
augmentation of a relatively small impulse
into one of sufficient energy to cause the main charge of the
munition to function.
A train of combustible and explosive elements arranged in
order of decreasing sensitivity.
The explosive train accomplishes the controlled augmentation of
small impulse into one of suitable energy to actuate the main charge.
Delay fuse _> shell leader _> lifting charge _> shell delay
_> bursting charg e _> star prime _> star.<br>
09
Elements of the Explosive “Train”
Low Energy Initiating Device – in the “old days”
– matches, these days – electric or shot shell
primer.
• “Distance” element – “old days” – safety fuse,
these days – electric cable, signal tube, radio
frequency.
• Detonator – converts the “low” energy into an
explosive shock wave. Can incorporate delays.
• Booster / Primer – detonator sensitive explosive
to “amplify” the detonation shock wave.
• Main Charge – the bulk of the explosive device.<br>
Low Energy Initiating Device – in the “old days”
– matches, these days – electric or shot shell
primer.
• “Distance” element – “old days” – safety fuse,
these days – electric cable, signal tube, radio
frequency.
• Detonator – converts the “low” energy into an
explosive shock wave. Can incorporate delays.
• Booster / Primer – detonator sensitive explosive
to “amplify” the detonation shock wave.
• Main Charge – the bulk of the explosive device.<br>
10
a) Explosives are classified into: Low Explosives High Explosives Miscellaneous Initiator Intermediates Main fillings Demolition
& Blasting Pyro tech
Compositions Incendiary
Compositions Smoke
compositions<br>
& Blasting Pyro tech
Compositions Incendiary
Compositions Smoke
compositions<br>
11
Black powder (gun powder):
Black powder possibily the oldest explosive used today mainly
as an igniter for NC gun propellants and to some extent in safety
blasting fuses, delay fuse, signal and distress rockets and in fire
crackers. It is also used for mining when a lower power explosive is used.
The composition of black powder:
Potassium nitrate + charcoal + sulphur in the ratio 75:15:10.
Sodium nitrate + charcoal + sulphur
Sulphurless powder : Potassium nitrate + charcoal
Ammonium powder : Potassium nitrate + Ammonium nitrate + charcoal<br>
Black powder possibily the oldest explosive used today mainly
as an igniter for NC gun propellants and to some extent in safety
blasting fuses, delay fuse, signal and distress rockets and in fire
crackers. It is also used for mining when a lower power explosive is used.
The composition of black powder:
Potassium nitrate + charcoal + sulphur in the ratio 75:15:10.
Sodium nitrate + charcoal + sulphur
Sulphurless powder : Potassium nitrate + charcoal
Ammonium powder : Potassium nitrate + Ammonium nitrate + charcoal<br>
12
Smokeless powder:
It is the most widely used propellant based on NC.
Propellants containing only plasticised NC as energy source are
called single based propellants.
(NC+ Stabilizer e.g. Diphenyl amine (DPA).
Double based propellants contain NC + nitroglycerine and a
stabilize (DPA) such as NC, NG &. Stabilizer as DPA.
Triple base propellants incorporate also a crystalline explosive
such as nitro guanidine. (Propellants also contain stabilisers,
plasticisers and coatings and some times a burning modifier.
Triple base propellants contain along with NC,
ONG another, crystalline explosive (nitroguanidine) plus plasticizer,
coatings and sometimes a burning modifier.<br>
It is the most widely used propellant based on NC.
Propellants containing only plasticised NC as energy source are
called single based propellants.
(NC+ Stabilizer e.g. Diphenyl amine (DPA).
Double based propellants contain NC + nitroglycerine and a
stabilize (DPA) such as NC, NG &. Stabilizer as DPA.
Triple base propellants incorporate also a crystalline explosive
such as nitro guanidine. (Propellants also contain stabilisers,
plasticisers and coatings and some times a burning modifier.
Triple base propellants contain along with NC,
ONG another, crystalline explosive (nitroguanidine) plus plasticizer,
coatings and sometimes a burning modifier.<br>
13
Mercury fulminate :
Mercury fulminate is a heavy non hygroscopic crystalline solid.
It is thermally unstable and very sensitive to impact, friction, spark, flame and shock when dry.
It reacts with metals such as aluminium,
magnesium, zinc, brass and bronze in moist atmosphere.
Being a mercury derivative, it is a toxic compound.
Practically insoluble in water
Colourless crystals
Empirical formula: C2N2O2Hg
Molecular weight: 284.6
Deflagration point: 1650C
Impact sensitivity: 0.1-0.2 kp m<br>
Mercury fulminate is a heavy non hygroscopic crystalline solid.
It is thermally unstable and very sensitive to impact, friction, spark, flame and shock when dry.
It reacts with metals such as aluminium,
magnesium, zinc, brass and bronze in moist atmosphere.
Being a mercury derivative, it is a toxic compound.
Practically insoluble in water
Colourless crystals
Empirical formula: C2N2O2Hg
Molecular weight: 284.6
Deflagration point: 1650C
Impact sensitivity: 0.1-0.2 kp m<br>
14
Lead azide: Pb(N3 ) 2
Lead azide has a high temperature of ignition and less sensitive to
shock and friction than mercury fulminate.
It has good stability to heat and storage.
Due to its high temperature of ignition it is generally used in primary
mixtures with lead styphnate which is very easy to ignite.
Its contact with copper must be avoided because
It leads to the formation of copper azide.
Since it is a non conductor it may be mixed with flaked graphite to
form a conductive mixture for use in low energy electrical detonator.
Insoluble in water
Colourless crystals
Molecular weight: 291.3
Deflagration point: 320 - 3600C
Impact sensitivity: 0.25 – 0.4 kp m<br>
Lead azide has a high temperature of ignition and less sensitive to
shock and friction than mercury fulminate.
It has good stability to heat and storage.
Due to its high temperature of ignition it is generally used in primary
mixtures with lead styphnate which is very easy to ignite.
Its contact with copper must be avoided because
It leads to the formation of copper azide.
Since it is a non conductor it may be mixed with flaked graphite to
form a conductive mixture for use in low energy electrical detonator.
Insoluble in water
Colourless crystals
Molecular weight: 291.3
Deflagration point: 320 - 3600C
Impact sensitivity: 0.25 – 0.4 kp m<br>
15
Ammonium nitrate:
It had been an ingredient in explosive since the earliest days
primarily as an oxidizer in NG dynamite mixtures.
Readily soluble in water.
Colourless crystals
Molecular weight: 80.0
Impact sensitivity: Upto 5 kp m
Melting point: 169.60C
Deflagration point: 169.6-2100C
Ammonium nitrate- Fuel oil (ANFO):
These mixtures are made of porous prills of ammonium nitrate (94%)
soaked in fuel oil. In some cases aluminium is added to increase the
explosive strength.
These explosives are inexpensive and safe to handle but low in
explosives strength and detonation velocity.
They cannot be used in presence of water.<br>
It had been an ingredient in explosive since the earliest days
primarily as an oxidizer in NG dynamite mixtures.
Readily soluble in water.
Colourless crystals
Molecular weight: 80.0
Impact sensitivity: Upto 5 kp m
Melting point: 169.60C
Deflagration point: 169.6-2100C
Ammonium nitrate- Fuel oil (ANFO):
These mixtures are made of porous prills of ammonium nitrate (94%)
soaked in fuel oil. In some cases aluminium is added to increase the
explosive strength.
These explosives are inexpensive and safe to handle but low in
explosives strength and detonation velocity.
They cannot be used in presence of water.<br>
16
Slurry explosives water gels:
These explosives are made of aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate and sodium or calcium nitrate, gelled by the addition of guar gum or cross linking agents.
They are sensitised by nitro explosives or organic amine nitrates.
Combustible materials such as Al, urea, sugar or glycol
are mixed with these solutions.
The cross linking agents form a chemical bond.
Typical slurry explosives contain ammonium nitrate (30 – 70% 0, Sodium nitrate ( 10-15%), calcium nitrate(15-20%), aliphatic amine nitrate upto 40%, Al ( 10-1L%), TNT or other explosives sensitisers (5-15%), gellants (1-2%), stabilisers (0.1- 2%), ethylene glycol (3-15%) and water (10-20%). (ref 2, page 9 & ref 3, page 21)<br>
These explosives are made of aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate and sodium or calcium nitrate, gelled by the addition of guar gum or cross linking agents.
They are sensitised by nitro explosives or organic amine nitrates.
Combustible materials such as Al, urea, sugar or glycol
are mixed with these solutions.
The cross linking agents form a chemical bond.
Typical slurry explosives contain ammonium nitrate (30 – 70% 0, Sodium nitrate ( 10-15%), calcium nitrate(15-20%), aliphatic amine nitrate upto 40%, Al ( 10-1L%), TNT or other explosives sensitisers (5-15%), gellants (1-2%), stabilisers (0.1- 2%), ethylene glycol (3-15%) and water (10-20%). (ref 2, page 9 & ref 3, page 21)<br>
17
Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol ):
It was used in large caliber shells in world war I.
In world war II a mixture of ammonium picrate and TNT
was widely used in the press loading of armour piercing shells.
Soluble in hot water and readily soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene
and acetone.
Yellow crystals
Empirical formula: C6H3N3O7
Molecular weight: 229.1
Deflagration point: 3000C
Impact sensitivity: 0.75 kp m
Solidification point: 122.50C<br>
It was used in large caliber shells in world war I.
In world war II a mixture of ammonium picrate and TNT
was widely used in the press loading of armour piercing shells.
Soluble in hot water and readily soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene
and acetone.
Yellow crystals
Empirical formula: C6H3N3O7
Molecular weight: 229.1
Deflagration point: 3000C
Impact sensitivity: 0.75 kp m
Solidification point: 122.50C<br>
18
TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) :
It is the most widely used military explosives.
Its main features include low melting point, stability, low sensitivity
to impact, friction and high temperature and its relative safe methods
of manufacture.
Almost insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and soluble in
benzene, toluene and acetone.
Pale yellow crystals; if granulated; flakes.
Empirical formula: C7H5N3O6
Molecular weight: 227.1
Deflagration point: 3000C
Impact sensitivity: 1.5 kp m
Solidification point: 80.80C<br>
It is the most widely used military explosives.
Its main features include low melting point, stability, low sensitivity
to impact, friction and high temperature and its relative safe methods
of manufacture.
Almost insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and soluble in
benzene, toluene and acetone.
Pale yellow crystals; if granulated; flakes.
Empirical formula: C7H5N3O6
Molecular weight: 227.1
Deflagration point: 3000C
Impact sensitivity: 1.5 kp m
Solidification point: 80.80C<br>
19
Tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine )
It is used in military boosters
Practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether
and benzene and is more readily soluble in acetone.
Pale yellow crystals.
Empirical formula: C7H5N5O8
Molecular weight: 287.1
Deflagration point: 1850C
Impact sensitivity: 0.3 kp m<br>
It is used in military boosters
Practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether
and benzene and is more readily soluble in acetone.
Pale yellow crystals.
Empirical formula: C7H5N5O8
Molecular weight: 287.1
Deflagration point: 1850C
Impact sensitivity: 0.3 kp m<br>
20
PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate):
It is used as a base charge in blasting caps and detonators as the
core explosives in detonating cord, in booster charges, in plastic
explosives, and as an ingredient in other explosives.
The chemical stability of PETN is very high and is considered to be
more stable than all other nitrate esters.
Insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene
and soluble in acetone and methyl acetate.
Colourless crystals.
Empirical formula: C5H8N4O12
Molecular weight: 316.1
Deflagration point: 2020C
Impact sensitivity: 0.3 kp m
Melting point: 141.30C<br>
It is used as a base charge in blasting caps and detonators as the
core explosives in detonating cord, in booster charges, in plastic
explosives, and as an ingredient in other explosives.
The chemical stability of PETN is very high and is considered to be
more stable than all other nitrate esters.
Insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene
and soluble in acetone and methyl acetate.
Colourless crystals.
Empirical formula: C5H8N4O12
Molecular weight: 316.1
Deflagration point: 2020C
Impact sensitivity: 0.3 kp m
Melting point: 141.30C<br>
21
RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine):
It is also known as cyclonite and hexogen.
It is one of the most important military explosives used today.
It has high chemical stability lower than that of TNT and an
explosive power much greater than TNT.RDX is considerably
more susceptible than TNT to shock detonation.
RDX is used as a component in mixtures with other explosives
such as TNT and as a plastic explosives. A well-known plastic
explosive, Semtex is based on RDX and PETN.
Mixtures of RDX and wax are used for booster charges in many
military ammunition especially in artillery shells<br>
It is also known as cyclonite and hexogen.
It is one of the most important military explosives used today.
It has high chemical stability lower than that of TNT and an
explosive power much greater than TNT.RDX is considerably
more susceptible than TNT to shock detonation.
RDX is used as a component in mixtures with other explosives
such as TNT and as a plastic explosives. A well-known plastic
explosive, Semtex is based on RDX and PETN.
Mixtures of RDX and wax are used for booster charges in many
military ammunition especially in artillery shells<br>
22
Soluble in acetone, insoluble in water and sparingly
soluble in ether and ethanol.
Cyclo hexanone, nitrobenzene and glycol are solvents at
elevated temperatures.
Colourless crystals.
Empirical formula: C3H6N6O6
Molecular weight: 222.1
Impact sensitivity: 0.75 kp m
Melting point: 2040C<br>
soluble in ether and ethanol.
Cyclo hexanone, nitrobenzene and glycol are solvents at
elevated temperatures.
Colourless crystals.
Empirical formula: C3H6N6O6
Molecular weight: 222.1
Impact sensitivity: 0.75 kp m
Melting point: 2040C<br>
23
Characteristics of high and low explosives<br>
24
Improvised Explosive Devices ( IEDs)
IEDs: bombs are not manufactured by any fixed standards, therefore their materials of construction, composition of ingredients varies widely. Everything depends upon the availability of resources, knowledge and skill of user.
Explosives composition
The various ingredients include the various combinations of oxidizer and fuel.
1) Potassium chlorate + Arsenic sulphide + missiles (iron nails, glass pieces , stone chips etc.,) - Throw down device.
2) Potassium chlorate + sugar initiated by conc., Sulphuric acid - Acid bomb<br>
IEDs: bombs are not manufactured by any fixed standards, therefore their materials of construction, composition of ingredients varies widely. Everything depends upon the availability of resources, knowledge and skill of user.
Explosives composition
The various ingredients include the various combinations of oxidizer and fuel.
1) Potassium chlorate + Arsenic sulphide + missiles (iron nails, glass pieces , stone chips etc.,) - Throw down device.
2) Potassium chlorate + sugar initiated by conc., Sulphuric acid - Acid bomb<br>
25
Improvisation can be made on container, main charge, initiation
device and projectiles depending upon the availability, skill, motive and means.
For example:
2.2.1.2Container; Tiffin carrier, transistor, cement pipe, iron pipe, telephone, Television, toys, cell-phone, computer, scooter, cycle, the articles which are easily available to the anti social elements.
2.2.1.3 Main charge : High explosives, Low explosives or
combinations.
2.2.1.4 Initiation device: Time device, remote device and impact device, battery operated etc.<br>
device and projectiles depending upon the availability, skill, motive and means.
For example:
2.2.1.2Container; Tiffin carrier, transistor, cement pipe, iron pipe, telephone, Television, toys, cell-phone, computer, scooter, cycle, the articles which are easily available to the anti social elements.
2.2.1.3 Main charge : High explosives, Low explosives or
combinations.
2.2.1.4 Initiation device: Time device, remote device and impact device, battery operated etc.<br>
26
Various Explosive Items<br>
27
COUNTRY MADE BOMBS Molotov Cocktails
Chemical explosives
Accidental Explosives
Flame able Compounds
Smoke producing compounds
Circuit explosions<br>
Chemical explosives
Accidental Explosives
Flame able Compounds
Smoke producing compounds
Circuit explosions<br>
28
1.MO-2M
MO-2M is a hand-held explosive vapor detector capable of
detecting trace amounts of explosives. Used in screening people,
luggage, cargo, vehicles and buildings.
Lightweight Real time sampling and analysis Very high sensitivity Explosive detection / Bomb squad equipment<br>
MO-2M is a hand-held explosive vapor detector capable of
detecting trace amounts of explosives. Used in screening people,
luggage, cargo, vehicles and buildings.
Lightweight Real time sampling and analysis Very high sensitivity Explosive detection / Bomb squad equipment<br>
29
2. RFD-23The portable non-linear junction (NLJ) detector RFD-23 is
intended for search and detection of devices containing
semiconductor components such as: electronic fuzes of explosive devices, radio microphones, including those remote controlled, microphone amplifiers, devices for covering data acquisition
in IR, concealed recording device.
The RFD-23 detects devices switched “on” as well as switched “off”.<br>
intended for search and detection of devices containing
semiconductor components such as: electronic fuzes of explosive devices, radio microphones, including those remote controlled, microphone amplifiers, devices for covering data acquisition
in IR, concealed recording device.
The RFD-23 detects devices switched “on” as well as switched “off”.<br>
30
3.Barrikada-2
Now a days replaced by Sizo Mobile
Barrikada-2 is a portable radio frequency jamming device
designed to deny the activation of explosive devices by remote control. Operates in both stationary and mobile modes<br>
Now a days replaced by Sizo Mobile
Barrikada-2 is a portable radio frequency jamming device
designed to deny the activation of explosive devices by remote control. Operates in both stationary and mobile modes<br>
31
Metal Detectors 1.OVERTONEOvertone is a hand-held metal detector designed to screen people
for concealed metal objects. Widely used for theft prevention and
security applications. Detects and discriminates between ferrous and non-ferrous objects Audible and visible indicators of different tones and colors Two sensitivity levels<br>
for concealed metal objects. Widely used for theft prevention and
security applications. Detects and discriminates between ferrous and non-ferrous objects Audible and visible indicators of different tones and colors Two sensitivity levels<br>
32
2.MOLEMole is a hand-held metal detector designed to search for objects
buried underground or under shallow water. Applications range from
scientific (archaeology) to utility; law enforcement and land mine
detection.
Highly sensitive metal detector capable of detecting and locating
ferrous and non ferrous objects, low metal content objects as well
as non-metallic objects such as plastic land mines.
Indicates object type, depth and dimensionGround compensation to adapt to various types of terrain
Three detection modes (all metal, selective metal mode, Hodogram
mode)
Audio alarm and large graphic display for size, depth, orientation of
objects<br>
buried underground or under shallow water. Applications range from
scientific (archaeology) to utility; law enforcement and land mine
detection.
Highly sensitive metal detector capable of detecting and locating
ferrous and non ferrous objects, low metal content objects as well
as non-metallic objects such as plastic land mines.
Indicates object type, depth and dimensionGround compensation to adapt to various types of terrain
Three detection modes (all metal, selective metal mode, Hodogram
mode)
Audio alarm and large graphic display for size, depth, orientation of
objects<br>
33
3.RUBIKON
The Rubikon is a multi-zone archway metal detector designed to
screen people for concealed weapons at control gates<br>
The Rubikon is a multi-zone archway metal detector designed to
screen people for concealed weapons at control gates<br>
34
Technical Surveillance Countermeasure
RFD-23 Wireless Security Communicator /PDA
TACTOP
notification system for which we will provide a wireless
communication platform able to handle multimedia information
(data, voice, video) in a secure wireless network environment.<br>
RFD-23 Wireless Security Communicator /PDA
TACTOP
notification system for which we will provide a wireless
communication platform able to handle multimedia information
(data, voice, video) in a secure wireless network environment.<br>
35
SXR-150
The portable X-Ray inspection system SXR-150 is designed for the
inspection of suspect objects in the field.
Typical applications include:
Inspection of luggage, parcels or mail packages,
Screening of vehicles for search of concealed weapons or
explosive devices,
Inspection of premises, office equipment, communication facilities,
furniture, walls for search of concealed objects and contraband, Criminal investigation and expertise.<br>
The portable X-Ray inspection system SXR-150 is designed for the
inspection of suspect objects in the field.
Typical applications include:
Inspection of luggage, parcels or mail packages,
Screening of vehicles for search of concealed weapons or
explosive devices,
Inspection of premises, office equipment, communication facilities,
furniture, walls for search of concealed objects and contraband, Criminal investigation and expertise.<br>
36
CTX-9000
(computer tromography)
The CTX-9000 is an automated explosives detection
system that uses computed tomography to characterize materials in checked bags and
automatically identify objects that could be improvised explosive devices.
The CTX-5500DS is the most widely used,
FAA-certified Explosives Detection System in the world.
It can be used for either standalone applications or in an
integrated manner with airport baggage handling systems. It can also be configured to detect other types of contraband
material.<br>
(computer tromography)
The CTX-9000 is an automated explosives detection
system that uses computed tomography to characterize materials in checked bags and
automatically identify objects that could be improvised explosive devices.
The CTX-5500DS is the most widely used,
FAA-certified Explosives Detection System in the world.
It can be used for either standalone applications or in an
integrated manner with airport baggage handling systems. It can also be configured to detect other types of contraband
material.<br>
37
The CTX-5500DS has an FAA-certified throughput of 384 bags
per hour.
Its Dynamic Screening (DS)capability offers flexibility by allowing
manual or automatic switching between various screening modes.<br>
per hour.
Its Dynamic Screening (DS)capability offers flexibility by allowing
manual or automatic switching between various screening modes.<br>
38
Crime Scene Management Information Management Manpower Management Technology Management Logistics Management<br>
39
Steps to the scientific examination of a crime scene Recognition
Scene survey
Documentation
Collection and preservation Identification
Comparison testing Individualization
Evaluation
Interpretation Reconstruction
Reporting and presentation<br>
Scene survey
Documentation
Collection and preservation Identification
Comparison testing Individualization
Evaluation
Interpretation Reconstruction
Reporting and presentation<br>
40
Crime Scene Investigation Models<br>
41
Duties of First Responding Officer Assist the victim.
Search for and arrest the suspect if still on the scene.
Detain all witnesses.
Protect the crime scene.
Note and communicate to crime scene investigators all movements and alterations made to the crime scene.<br>
Search for and arrest the suspect if still on the scene.
Detain all witnesses.
Protect the crime scene.
Note and communicate to crime scene investigators all movements and alterations made to the crime scene.<br>
42
Science at a Crime Scene FYI: There may be more than one hypothesis for a given set of facts.<br>
43
Securing the Crime Scene Level 1: Overall scene security for restriction of general public.
****To prevent changing or alteration of the scene—Contamination.
Level 2: Restriction to Official business
Level 3: Target area<br>
****To prevent changing or alteration of the scene—Contamination.
Level 2: Restriction to Official business
Level 3: Target area<br>
44
Crime Scene Survey Walk-Through : Preliminary crime scene survey performed to orient the crime scene investigator to the scene and the physical evidence at the scene.<br>
45
Guidelines to follow in a walk-through Use the walk-through to mentally prepare a reconstruction theory that can and should be changed as the scene investigation progresses.
Note any transient (temporary) or conditional (the result of an action) evidence that requires immediate protection and processing.
Be aware of weather conditions and take precautions.
Note all points of entry or exit and paths of travel within the scene. (Be aware of alteration or contamination made by the first responder)
Record initial observation of who, what, where, when, and how
Assess the scene for personnel, precautions, or equipment that will be needed.<br>
Note any transient (temporary) or conditional (the result of an action) evidence that requires immediate protection and processing.
Be aware of weather conditions and take precautions.
Note all points of entry or exit and paths of travel within the scene. (Be aware of alteration or contamination made by the first responder)
Record initial observation of who, what, where, when, and how
Assess the scene for personnel, precautions, or equipment that will be needed.<br>
46
Crime Scene Documentation Take notes at the crime scene.
Videotape the crime scene.
Photograph the crime scene.
Sketch the crime scene.<br>
Videotape the crime scene.
Photograph the crime scene.
Sketch the crime scene.<br>
47
Taking notes Provides a written record of all of the crime scene activities.
Taken as activities are completed.<br>
Taken as activities are completed.<br>
48
Videotaping Gives a three-dimensional portrayal of the scene.
Should follow the scene survey.<br>
Should follow the scene survey.<br>
49
Photographing Provides a true and accurate pictorial record of the crime scene and physical evidence present.
MAKE SURE YOU WRITE DOWN THE GUIDELINES FOR PHOTOGRAPHY ON PAGE 1.<br>
MAKE SURE YOU WRITE DOWN THE GUIDELINES FOR PHOTOGRAPHY ON PAGE 1.<br>
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Sketching The assignment of units of measurement or correct perspective to the overall scene and the relevant physical evidence identified within the scene.
Three techniques to obtain measurements:
triangulation, baseline,
polar coordinates<br>
Three techniques to obtain measurements:
triangulation, baseline,
polar coordinates<br>
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Triangulation: method of measurement of a crime scene and physical evidence; every item of evidence is measured from two fixed points.
Baseline: method for measuring a crime scene and the evidence present; after a fixed line is identified, the items of evidence are measure from that line at right angles.
Polar coordinates: method of crime scene measurement; measurement of items of evidence based upon their distances and angles from a fixed position.<br>
Baseline: method for measuring a crime scene and the evidence present; after a fixed line is identified, the items of evidence are measure from that line at right angles.
Polar coordinates: method of crime scene measurement; measurement of items of evidence based upon their distances and angles from a fixed position.<br>
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Eight types of information that can be obtained from the examination of the physical evidence found at the crime scene Information on the Modus Operandi Information on the Corpus Delicti Linkage of Persons, Scenes, and Objects Identification of Suspects Proving or Disproving Witness Statements Identification of Unknown Substances Reconstruction of a Crime Providing Investigative Leads<br>
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Information on the Corpus Delicti Determination of the essential facts of an
Investigation.
*Physical evidence
*Patterns of evidence
*Lab examination of the evidence<br>
Investigation.
*Physical evidence
*Patterns of evidence
*Lab examination of the evidence<br>
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Information on the Modus Operandi Criminals repeat their behavior and certain behavior becomes their “signature”
Vocabulary term:
Modus Operandi<br>
Vocabulary term:
Modus Operandi<br>
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Linkage of Persons, Scenes, and Objects Physical evidence can accomplish establishing the linkage between the suspects and the victims. This is the most important and most common type of linkage.
Vocabulary term: Locard’s Exchange Principle<br>
Vocabulary term: Locard’s Exchange Principle<br>
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Victim Crime Scene Object Physical Evidence Suspect<br>
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Proving or Disproving Witness Statements Credibility is an important issue with witnesses, suspects, and victims. Credibility can be determined by crime scene patterns or patterned physical evidence.<br>
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Reconstruction of a Crime Final step in the forensic examination process. The “how” of the crime scene is more important than the “who.”<br>
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POST BLAST EXHIBITS
Examination of vapors
Visual Examination
Microscopic Examination
Particles No Particles Found
Organic Extract Water Extract Spot Tests
SEM/EDX OR XRF TLC
IR HPLC IC
XRD GC EDX
GC-MS XRD
IR TLC
HPLC CE<br>
Examination of vapors
Visual Examination
Microscopic Examination
Particles No Particles Found
Organic Extract Water Extract Spot Tests
SEM/EDX OR XRF TLC
IR HPLC IC
XRD GC EDX
GC-MS XRD
IR TLC
HPLC CE<br>
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Organic Solvent Extract Water Extract
Spot test
TLC, UV Spot Tests
HPLC TLC
GC UV
GC-MS HPLC
IR XRD
XRD CE
CE IC
GC-IMS ICP
AAS<br>
Spot test
TLC, UV Spot Tests
HPLC TLC
GC UV
GC-MS HPLC
IR XRD
XRD CE
CE IC
GC-IMS ICP
AAS<br>
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APPENDIX In recognition of participation and presentation of paper (poster) on Analytical Techniques For Detecting Traces Of Explosives As Counter Terrorist Portal And For Aviation Securities: Won I st prize in the international symposium on emerging trends in forensic science organized by Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala (India) held on 22- 24 february, 2010.
Won first prize in presentation paper (poster) in the International Conference On Supra-molecular Chemistry and Nano-materials (ICSN-2011),”Nanocurcumin a novel application for the detection of fingermarks as an alternative tool, held at the Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai during February 14-16, 2011.
Won second prize in a paper (poster) presentation in the First Internatinal Conference on Forensic Nano-technology held at GFSU, Gandhinagar on 25-26th March, 2011. Organized by Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Science University. Co-Sponsored by Gujarat Council of Science City, Ahmedabad. International Conferences:<br>
Won first prize in presentation paper (poster) in the International Conference On Supra-molecular Chemistry and Nano-materials (ICSN-2011),”Nanocurcumin a novel application for the detection of fingermarks as an alternative tool, held at the Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai during February 14-16, 2011.
Won second prize in a paper (poster) presentation in the First Internatinal Conference on Forensic Nano-technology held at GFSU, Gandhinagar on 25-26th March, 2011. Organized by Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Science University. Co-Sponsored by Gujarat Council of Science City, Ahmedabad. International Conferences:<br>
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National and state Conferences: In recognition of participation and presentation of paper (poster) in the “xxiv Gujarat Science Congress 2010” Organized jointly by Gujarat University, Ahmedabad and Gujarat Science Academy, Ahmedabad, on March 21st , 2010 and won First prize.
Actively participated in the Vignan Parisad: The Science Excellence- 2011, Poster Presentation “Analysis of Home-Made Explosives, Competition On Saturday,8th January -2011 and won First prize.
In recognition of participation and presentation of paper (poster) in the “xxv Gujarat Science Congress 2011” Organized by Gujarat Council of Science city & Gujarat Science Academy, Ahmedabad, held at Gujarat Science city, Ahmedabad during 26 to 27th February , 2011 and won First prize.
First prize in the national seminar on “Nanotechnology: Today & Tomorrow” organized by Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma Univerity, Ahmedabad on March 08, 2010. one day Conferences
Attended and presented paper the one day workshop “Brain At Work” held at Ahmedabad Management Association, IIM, Ahmedabad on January 23rd ,2011.
Paper presentation in National workshop of Chemisrty and Industrial Interaction, Organized by Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad on 10th February.
Presented in one day workshop on dyes and colouration by the ACTI and GDMA, Ahmedabad on 6th March<br>
Actively participated in the Vignan Parisad: The Science Excellence- 2011, Poster Presentation “Analysis of Home-Made Explosives, Competition On Saturday,8th January -2011 and won First prize.
In recognition of participation and presentation of paper (poster) in the “xxv Gujarat Science Congress 2011” Organized by Gujarat Council of Science city & Gujarat Science Academy, Ahmedabad, held at Gujarat Science city, Ahmedabad during 26 to 27th February , 2011 and won First prize.
First prize in the national seminar on “Nanotechnology: Today & Tomorrow” organized by Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma Univerity, Ahmedabad on March 08, 2010. one day Conferences
Attended and presented paper the one day workshop “Brain At Work” held at Ahmedabad Management Association, IIM, Ahmedabad on January 23rd ,2011.
Paper presentation in National workshop of Chemisrty and Industrial Interaction, Organized by Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad on 10th February.
Presented in one day workshop on dyes and colouration by the ACTI and GDMA, Ahmedabad on 6th March<br>
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ATTENTION<br>
YOUR
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ATTENTION<br>