Janis A. Bulgren, Ph.D. 2023 Higher Order Thinking

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What are Instructional Scaffolds for Higher-Order Thinking & Reasoning? Scaffolded Instruction is a process by which a teacher adds supports for students as they learn new tasks as in “building bridges.”

Teachers gradually build understanding, skills and reasoning processes.

Supports are gradually removed as students progress with learning.

© Janis Bulgren 2023 5

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DISCUSSION Are the dozens of Content Enhancement Routines (CERs) often taught in limited numbers? And one at a time? Why?

Could some Content Enhancements be taught in clusters that support each other to streamline PD and instruction? Which ones can you think of? 6 © Janis Bulgren 2023

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“Building Bridges” When teachers have introduced other Content Enhancement Routines (CERs), they have also been used to showing students how to move into or “bridge” into Higher Order Thinking and Reasoning. Unit Organizer: Planning ClusterFraming: Topics & Details ClusterConcept Mastery: Concept Cluster 7 © Janis Bulgren 2023

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Examples of “Building Bridges” Using a Unit Organizer on Ecosystems to facilitate bridging into
Highlighting Critical Questions
Identifying Types of Reasoning 8 © Janis Bulgren 2023

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Using a Unit Organizer to facilitate bridging Highlight the Critical Questions from Section 7. Engage students in paraphrasing the questions. Guide students to focus on reasoning associated with comparisons, questions and answers, causes and effects, decisions to be made, or statements of a claim (argument).
Identify Types of Reasoning from Section 6. Return to students’ paraphrase of the question. Guide students to transfer the type of reasoning identified in the question to Section 6 using the abbreviations of the associated HOTR routine (CC, CE, QEG, DM, CCAR, SAG) in Section 6. 9 © Janis Bulgren 2023

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Unit Organizer kucrl.ku.edu © Bulgren 2021 Functioning, Resilience & Biodiversity and Humans is about... Q4.
Biodiversity loss is harmful to human health. understanding Q1.
Ecosystems are dynamic in nature. Q2.
Human impacts are affecting the diversity of species. understanding understanding Q3.
There are healthy and unhealthy ecosystems. understanding 10 © Janis Bulgren 2023

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Unit Organizer kucrl.ku.edu © Bulgren 2021 Functioning, Resilience & Biodiversity and Humans is about... Q4.
Biodiversity loss is harmful to human health. understanding Q1.
Ecosystems are dynamic in nature. Q2.
Human impacts are affecting the diversity of species. understanding understanding Q3.
There are healthy and unhealthy ecosystems. understanding 11 © Janis Bulgren 2023 Use a Cause-and-Effect Guide
To answer Question #1 raised here:

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Unit Organizer kucrl.ku.edu © Bulgren 2021 Functioning, Resilience & Biodiversity and Humans is about... Q4.
Biodiversity loss is harmful to human health. understanding Q1.
Ecosystems are dynamic in nature. Q2.
Human impacts are affecting the diversity of species. understanding understanding Q3.
There are healthy and unhealthy ecosystems. understanding Use a Cross Curricular Argumentation Guide
To analyze the CLAIM raised here in Question #2: 12 © Janis Bulgren 2023©

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Unit Organizer kucrl.ku.edu © Bulgren 2021 Functioning, Resilience & Biodiversity and Humans is about... Q4.
Biodiversity loss is harmful to human health. understanding Q1.
Ecosystems are dynamic in nature. Q2.
Human impacts are affecting the diversity of species. understanding understanding Q3.
There are healthy and unhealthy ecosystems. understanding 13 © Janis Bulgren 2023 Use a Concept Comparison Table
To answer Question #3:

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Unit Organizer kucrl.ku.edu © Bulgren 2021 Functioning, Resilience & Biodiversity and Humans is about... Q4.
Biodiversity loss is harmful to human health. understanding Q1.
Ecosystems are dynamic in nature. Q2.
Human impacts are affecting the diversity of species. understanding understanding Q3.
There are healthy and unhealthy ecosystems. understanding 14 © Janis Bulgren 2022 Use a Question Exploration Guide
To answer Question #4 raised here:

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Examples of “Building Bridges” Using a FRAME to facilitate bridging:

Focus on the Main Idea.
Focus on the Essential Details.
Focus on the So What?
Focus on the What’s important? © Janis Bulgren 2022

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© Janis Bulgren 2022 Use the
Cause-and-Effect Routine
to analyze causes and effects
of the Key Topic or
Main Idea section

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© Janis Bulgren 2022 Use the
Concept Comparison Routine
to fully explore
similarities and differences
among Essential Details.

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© Janis Bulgren 2022 Use the
Question Exploration Routine to extend learning and synthesize the So What? answer
in the concluding statement.

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© Janis Bulgren 2022 Use the
Cross-Curricular Argumentation
or Decision-Making Routine
to assess the strength of the What’s Important?
concluding statement.

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Example of “Building Bridges”
using CONCEPT MASTERY 20 Focus on explaining main ideas
Focus on causes or effects
Focus on a claim made in a concluding statement or summary
Focus on the examples and non-examples © Janis Bulgren 2022

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21 University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2019 Bulgren 2022 Use the Comparison
Routine to compare
an example
and a non-example. Use the Cross Curricular
Argumentation Routine
to analyze and evaluate a claim. Use the Cause-And-Effect Routine to explore how a “Sometimes
Characteristic” led to war. Use the Question Exploration or Decision-Making Routine to decide if an example was a civil war.

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22 University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2019 © Janis Bulgren 2022 1. Identify a war that was started because of a “sometimes” characteristic such as religion or economics.

2. Then explain those causes and the effects of that war using the Cause-and-Effect Routine.

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23 University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning 2019 © Janis Bulgren 2022 Analyze, Judge, and Make a Decision to accept or reject the claim that:
“The American Revolutionary War was(or was not) a Civil War.” using the Cross Curricular Argumentation Routine

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25 DISCUSSION

What other Content Enhancement Routines could be used to “build bridges” to HOTRs? How?
What Learning Strategies could support higher order thinking and reasoning? © Janis Bulgren 2022

Janis A. Bulgren, Ph.D. 2023 Higher Order Thinking

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