SEMANTICS Word meanings and concepts By: Dania
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SEMANTICS Word meanings and concepts By: Dania Abbas M.Ali concepts They are organized bundles of stored knowledge representing an articulation of events, entities, situations, and so on in our experience. It is only because we can put
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01
SEMANTICS Word meanings and concepts
By:
Dania Abbas M.Ali<br>
By:
Dania Abbas M.Ali<br>
02
concepts They are organized bundles of stored knowledge
representing an articulation of events, entities,
situations, and so on in our experience.
It is only because we can put elements of experience into categories, that we can
recognize them as having happened before, and we can remember our previous reactions
to their occurrence.<br>
representing an articulation of events, entities,
situations, and so on in our experience.
It is only because we can put elements of experience into categories, that we can
recognize them as having happened before, and we can remember our previous reactions
to their occurrence.<br>
03
Word-concept mapping Concepts are linked together in a complex
multi-dimensional network.
These links correspond to concepts of a more
schematic kind than the concepts which they serve to connect, which are typically richer
and more complex.<br>
multi-dimensional network.
These links correspond to concepts of a more
schematic kind than the concepts which they serve to connect, which are typically richer
and more complex.<br>
04
Word-concept mapping Each full lexical item directly activates a concept
and indirectly activates linked concepts
according to the strength of the link.
There is no direct link between the word horse and the concept ANIMAL: the word horse has a direct
link only with the concept HORSE<br>
and indirectly activates linked concepts
according to the strength of the link.
There is no direct link between the word horse and the concept ANIMAL: the word horse has a direct
link only with the concept HORSE<br>
05
The mapping between words and concepts One-to-one: in this arrangement, a word gives access to a single concept
syzygy syzygy<br>
syzygy syzygy<br>
06
The mapping between words and concepts one-to-many: :
financial institution
bank
margin of river<br>
financial institution
bank
margin of river<br>
07
The mapping between words and concepts many-to-one
die
kick the bucket DIE
pass away<br>
die
kick the bucket DIE
pass away<br>
08
The mapping between words and concepts Many to many: it is a combination of the previous two types.
Word- specific properties: words or expressions that are not identical in meaning but since they all map the same concept, means that the difference between them must be a property of the words themselves not of the concept.<br>
Word- specific properties: words or expressions that are not identical in meaning but since they all map the same concept, means that the difference between them must be a property of the words themselves not of the concept.<br>
09
The modulate The meaning of a word consists of word-specific properties plus the properties of the associated
concept.
we can distinguish words like die, horse, and
cry, which activate their associated concepts (DIE, HORSE, and CRY) in a neutral way, from those
like kick the bucket, pass away, nag, steed and blubber.<br>
concept.
we can distinguish words like die, horse, and
cry, which activate their associated concepts (DIE, HORSE, and CRY) in a neutral way, from those
like kick the bucket, pass away, nag, steed and blubber.<br>
10
Conceptual structure The expressive possibilities of language
are infinite.
Since the brain is a finite physical object, it cannot store an infinite number of linguistic
forms mapped on to an infinite number of concepts.
Three independent levels of structure :
Phonological, syntactic, and conceptual.<br>
are infinite.
Since the brain is a finite physical object, it cannot store an infinite number of linguistic
forms mapped on to an infinite number of concepts.
Three independent levels of structure :
Phonological, syntactic, and conceptual.<br>
11
The expressive constraint Conceptual structure could in principle be richer than expressible linguistic meanings, but it cannot be less rich.
Jackendoff calls this the expressive constraint.
(He also has a grammatical constraint, which amounts to a bias in favour of conceptual structures that can be put into transparent correspondence with surface syntactic structures and against
'deep structures' of a radically different
form to the corresponding surface forms.)<br>
Jackendoff calls this the expressive constraint.
(He also has a grammatical constraint, which amounts to a bias in favour of conceptual structures that can be put into transparent correspondence with surface syntactic structures and against
'deep structures' of a radically different
form to the corresponding surface forms.)<br>
12
The expressive constraint there is only one level; that is to say, syntactic
structures map directly on to conceptual structures.
The basis for this view is that there is no work for a distinct semantic level to do:
everything needed to motivate grammatical structure is present in conceptual structure.<br>
structures map directly on to conceptual structures.
The basis for this view is that there is no work for a distinct semantic level to do:
everything needed to motivate grammatical structure is present in conceptual structure.<br>
13
The nature of concepts 1. they classify experience.
2. give access to knowledge concerning entities
which fall into them.
The classical approach
defines a category in terms of a set of necessary
and sufficient criteria. (x is a category of GIRL)
X is human
X is female
X is young<br>
2. give access to knowledge concerning entities
which fall into them.
The classical approach
defines a category in terms of a set of necessary
and sufficient criteria. (x is a category of GIRL)
X is human
X is female
X is young<br>
14
The nature of concepts If any of these criteria are not satisfied, then X is not a girl (i.e. the criteria are individually necessary);
if all the criteria are satisfied, then X is a girl (i.e. the criteria
are jointly sufficient).<br>
if all the criteria are satisfied, then X is a girl (i.e. the criteria
are jointly sufficient).<br>
15
Some problems of the classical approach Lack of plausible analyses
There are many everyday words whose meanings
cannot be captured by means of a set of necessary and sufficient features.(game)
1. involves winning and losing: there are many games which do not involve winning and losing
: party games or children's games.
2. involves more than one person.
3. has arbitrary rules.
4.done purely for enjoyment.<br>
There are many everyday words whose meanings
cannot be captured by means of a set of necessary and sufficient features.(game)
1. involves winning and losing: there are many games which do not involve winning and losing
: party games or children's games.
2. involves more than one person.
3. has arbitrary rules.
4.done purely for enjoyment.<br>
16
Fuzzy statement A fuzzy statement is a statement which is true to some extent and that extent can often be represented by a scaled value.
The boundaries of natural categories are
fuzzy and contextually flexible.<br>
The boundaries of natural categories are
fuzzy and contextually flexible.<br>
17
Internal structure of categories the classical conception of categories goes, everything that satisfies the criteria has the same status, that is to say, something is either
in the category, or not in it, and that is all there is to say about the matter.
some members are felt to be 'better' examples of the category than others. For instance, an
apple is a better example of a fruit than is a date, or an olive.<br>
in the category, or not in it, and that is all there is to say about the matter.
some members are felt to be 'better' examples of the category than others. For instance, an
apple is a better example of a fruit than is a date, or an olive.<br>
18
The standard prototype approach The natural conceptual categories are structured around the 'best' examples, or prototypes of the categories, and
that other items are assimilated to a category
according to whether they sufficiently resemble the prototype or not.
.<br>
that other items are assimilated to a category
according to whether they sufficiently resemble the prototype or not.
.<br>
19
GOE and family resemblance Subjects are asked to give a numerical value to
their estimate of how good an example something is of a given category.
1: very good example
2: good example
3: fairly good example
4: moderately good example
5: fairly poor example
6: bad example
7: very bad example/not an example at all<br>
their estimate of how good an example something is of a given category.
1: very good example
2: good example
3: fairly good example
4: moderately good example
5: fairly poor example
6: bad example
7: very bad example/not an example at all<br>
20
GOE and family resemblance POTATO, CARROT I
TURNIP, CABBAGE 2
CELERY, BEETROOT 3
AUBERGINE, COURGETTE 4
PARSLEY, BASIL 5
RHUBARB 6
LEMON 7<br>
TURNIP, CABBAGE 2
CELERY, BEETROOT 3
AUBERGINE, COURGETTE 4
PARSLEY, BASIL 5
RHUBARB 6
LEMON 7<br>
21
Prototype effects there is abundant evidence that prototypicality, aspects of correlates strongly with important
cognitive behavior. The principal prototype effects are as follows:
Order of mention
When subjects are asked to list the members of a category, and especially if they are put under time
pressure, the order of listing correlates with GOE
ratings, with the prototypical member showing a strong tendency to appear early in the list.<br>
cognitive behavior. The principal prototype effects are as follows:
Order of mention
When subjects are asked to list the members of a category, and especially if they are put under time
pressure, the order of listing correlates with GOE
ratings, with the prototypical member showing a strong tendency to appear early in the list.<br>
22
Prototype effects Overall frequency
The overall frequency of mention in such lists also correlates with GOE score.
Order of acquisition
Prototypical members of categories tend to be acquired first, and order of acquisition correlates
with GOE rating.
Vocabulary learning
Children at later stages of language acquisition, when vocabulary enlargement can be greatly<br>
The overall frequency of mention in such lists also correlates with GOE score.
Order of acquisition
Prototypical members of categories tend to be acquired first, and order of acquisition correlates
with GOE rating.
Vocabulary learning
Children at later stages of language acquisition, when vocabulary enlargement can be greatly<br>
23
Prototype effects influenced by explicit teaching, learn new words more readily if they are provided with definitions that focus on prototypical instantiations
than if they are given an abstract definition that more accurately reflects the total range of the
word's meaning.
Speed of verification
In psycholinguistic experiments in which subjects are required to respond as quickly as they can to
a categorization task, subjects produce faster responses if the tasks involve a prototypical member.
.<br>
than if they are given an abstract definition that more accurately reflects the total range of the
word's meaning.
Speed of verification
In psycholinguistic experiments in which subjects are required to respond as quickly as they can to
a categorization task, subjects produce faster responses if the tasks involve a prototypical member.
.<br>
24
Prototype effects Priming
It is a well-established experimental fact that if a word is preceded by a semantically related word,
response to it will be speeded up,
for instance, a Yes response to DOCTOR will be faster if NURSE has been just previously presented
.<br>
It is a well-established experimental fact that if a word is preceded by a semantically related word,
response to it will be speeded up,
for instance, a Yes response to DOCTOR will be faster if NURSE has been just previously presented
.<br>
25
Intuitive unity, definitional polyvalence A purely linguistic characterization of
categories with a prototypic organization is that they show intuitive unity, but are definitionally polyvalent.
For instance, the semantic field covered by the term game can be quite well described by means of a
restricted set of definitions, but no satisfactory unitary definition exists .
.<br>
categories with a prototypic organization is that they show intuitive unity, but are definitionally polyvalent.
For instance, the semantic field covered by the term game can be quite well described by means of a
restricted set of definitions, but no satisfactory unitary definition exists .
.<br>
26
Fuzzy boundaries Only the prototype has 100 per cent membership
of a category, the degree of membership of other items being dependent on their degree
of resemblance to the prototype.
There is no fixed limit on how far something can depart from the prototype and still
be assimilated to the class, if the categorizer is perceptive or clever enough to find
some point of resemblance to typical instances.
There is no fixed limit on how far something can depart from the prototype and still be assimilated to the class, if the
categorizer is perceptive or clever enough to find
some point of resemblance to typical instances.<br>
of a category, the degree of membership of other items being dependent on their degree
of resemblance to the prototype.
There is no fixed limit on how far something can depart from the prototype and still
be assimilated to the class, if the categorizer is perceptive or clever enough to find
some point of resemblance to typical instances.
There is no fixed limit on how far something can depart from the prototype and still be assimilated to the class, if the
categorizer is perceptive or clever enough to find
some point of resemblance to typical instances.<br>
27
The mental representation of categories there was some sort of portrait of the prototypical member, against which the similarity of other
items could be computed and their status
in the category determined.
Many prototype theorists speak only of 'prototype
effects', and remain uncommitted on the subject
of the form of mental representations.
categories with a prototype structure are represented by a set of features.
.<br>
items could be computed and their status
in the category determined.
Many prototype theorists speak only of 'prototype
effects', and remain uncommitted on the subject
of the form of mental representations.
categories with a prototype structure are represented by a set of features.
.<br>
28
The mental representation of categories these do not constitute a set of necessary and
sufficient criteria, except perhaps for the prototype itself.
Some features will have a greater effect on
determining centrality in the category
than others.
The general idea can be illustrated using the category VEHICLE.<br>
sufficient criteria, except perhaps for the prototype itself.
Some features will have a greater effect on
determining centrality in the category
than others.
The general idea can be illustrated using the category VEHICLE.<br>
29
Basic-level categories (a) vehicle—car—hatchback.
(b) fruit—apple—Granny Smith.
(c) living thing—creature—animal—cat—Manx cat.
(d) object—implement—cutlery—spoon—teaspoon.
basic or generic level of specificity
(i) The most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioural interaction:
imagine being asked to mime how one would
behave with an animal. This is rather difficult without knowing whether the animal in question is
a crocodile or a hamster.<br>
(b) fruit—apple—Granny Smith.
(c) living thing—creature—animal—cat—Manx cat.
(d) object—implement—cutlery—spoon—teaspoon.
basic or generic level of specificity
(i) The most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioural interaction:
imagine being asked to mime how one would
behave with an animal. This is rather difficult without knowing whether the animal in question is
a crocodile or a hamster.<br>
30
Basic-level categories (ii) clear visual image can be formed:
try to visualize an item of cutlery or a vehicle,
a fork or a lorry, however, are easy to visualize.
(iii) Used for neutral, everyday reference, suppose A and B are sitting at home; A
hears a noise outside and says What's that? B looks out of the window and sees an alsatian in the garden. normally (b) will be chosen:
(a) It's an animal.
(b) It's a dog.
(c) It's an alsatian.<br>
try to visualize an item of cutlery or a vehicle,
a fork or a lorry, however, are easy to visualize.
(iii) Used for neutral, everyday reference, suppose A and B are sitting at home; A
hears a noise outside and says What's that? B looks out of the window and sees an alsatian in the garden. normally (b) will be chosen:
(a) It's an animal.
(b) It's a dog.
(c) It's an alsatian.<br>
31
Basic-level categories (iv) The basic level is the level at which the best categories can be created.
(a) distinctness from neighbouring categories;
(b) internal homogeneity;
(c) differential informativeness
categories which are more inclusive than the basic level have less internal homogeneity, while narrower categories show less distinctness from
neighbouring categories<br>
(a) distinctness from neighbouring categories;
(b) internal homogeneity;
(c) differential informativeness
categories which are more inclusive than the basic level have less internal homogeneity, while narrower categories show less distinctness from
neighbouring categories<br>
32
Basic-level categories (v) Names of basic level categories tend to be morphologically simple, take the case of spoon, which is a basic-level term; all the more specific
categories have more complex names: teaspoon, tablespoon, soup spoon, coffee spoon, etc.<br>
categories have more complex names: teaspoon, tablespoon, soup spoon, coffee spoon, etc.<br>
33
Problematic aspects of prototype model Category boundaries and boundary effects
the 'standard' prototype view is that no category
boundary is recognized.
A category without a boundary is virtually
useless: a primary function of a category is to discriminate between things
which are in it and things which are not in it. The classical view of categories,
with necessary and sufficient features, set a boundary but allowed no internal structure.<br>
the 'standard' prototype view is that no category
boundary is recognized.
A category without a boundary is virtually
useless: a primary function of a category is to discriminate between things
which are in it and things which are not in it. The classical view of categories,
with necessary and sufficient features, set a boundary but allowed no internal structure.<br>
34
Problematic aspects of prototype model Degrees of membership
only the prototype of a category has 100 per cent
membership of the category, other items having a
degree of membership dependent on their resemblance to the prototype.
Once boundaries are assigned, then an item must
be a full member of the category, not a member at
all, or a borderline example.
Even a non-central member of a category is a full member.<br>
only the prototype of a category has 100 per cent
membership of the category, other items having a
degree of membership dependent on their resemblance to the prototype.
Once boundaries are assigned, then an item must
be a full member of the category, not a member at
all, or a borderline example.
Even a non-central member of a category is a full member.<br>
35
Problematic aspects of prototype model degree of membership applies only to borderline
cases.
BICYCLE and SKATEBOARD to be borderline
instances of the category VEHICLE.
I myself, for instance, would judge BICYCLE
to have a higher degree of membership than SKATEBOARD<br>
cases.
BICYCLE and SKATEBOARD to be borderline
instances of the category VEHICLE.
I myself, for instance, would judge BICYCLE
to have a higher degree of membership than SKATEBOARD<br>
36
Problematic aspects of prototype model Compound categories
The categories which result from the combination of two (or more) basic categories are often
regarded as presenting particular problems for prototype theory.
It might be reasonably demanded of a prototype
approach that the prototype of a compound category should be predictable from the
representations of the component categories.<br>
The categories which result from the combination of two (or more) basic categories are often
regarded as presenting particular problems for prototype theory.
It might be reasonably demanded of a prototype
approach that the prototype of a compound category should be predictable from the
representations of the component categories.<br>
37
Problematic aspects of prototype model Context sensitivity
Typically, GOE ratings are assigned to putative members of named categories out of context.
But it is intuitively obvious that judgements of the 'best‘ examples of, say, the category [CAR]
are going to depend on whether one has in mind
a racing context, a context of town use, or long-distance travel<br>
Typically, GOE ratings are assigned to putative members of named categories out of context.
But it is intuitively obvious that judgements of the 'best‘ examples of, say, the category [CAR]
are going to depend on whether one has in mind
a racing context, a context of town use, or long-distance travel<br>
38
Types of conceptual category NATURAL CONCEPTUAL CATEGORY
First, it seems clear that a good category will
distinguish clearly between things that are in it and
things that are not in it; in other words, it will have a relatively well-defined boundary.
Second, bearing in mind that a major function of conceptual categories is to provide headings under
which information/knowledge can be economically
stored, it is reasonable to expect a good category to be richly informative, in the sense that knowing
that some entity belongs to a particular category<br>
First, it seems clear that a good category will
distinguish clearly between things that are in it and
things that are not in it; in other words, it will have a relatively well-defined boundary.
Second, bearing in mind that a major function of conceptual categories is to provide headings under
which information/knowledge can be economically
stored, it is reasonable to expect a good category to be richly informative, in the sense that knowing
that some entity belongs to a particular category<br>
39
Types of conceptual category gives access to a substantial body of knowledge about the entity.
categories are not built to the same pattern.
variation in the relative importance of the
internal structure and the boundary. An extreme case would be a category with boundaries but no
internal structure at all. This would be the case for a
category defined purely by means of a list of members
The balance of salience between boundary and internal structurecan vary. For instance, GAME has very fuzzy
boundaries, but a rich internal structure, whereas ODD NUMBERhas clear boundaries, but a relativelyweak internal
structure<br>
categories are not built to the same pattern.
variation in the relative importance of the
internal structure and the boundary. An extreme case would be a category with boundaries but no
internal structure at all. This would be the case for a
category defined purely by means of a list of members
The balance of salience between boundary and internal structurecan vary. For instance, GAME has very fuzzy
boundaries, but a rich internal structure, whereas ODD NUMBERhas clear boundaries, but a relativelyweak internal
structure<br>
40
John saeed Concepts<br>
41
concepts The meaning of, say a noun, is a combination
of its denotation and a conceptual element, two basic questions about the conceptual element are:
1 What form can we assign to concepts?
2 How do children acquire them, along with their linguistic labels?
Lexicalized concepts are the ones that correspond to single word.<br>
of its denotation and a conceptual element, two basic questions about the conceptual element are:
1 What form can we assign to concepts?
2 How do children acquire them, along with their linguistic labels?
Lexicalized concepts are the ones that correspond to single word.<br>
42
concepts Some concepts are described by phrases:
On the shopping channel, I saw a tool for compacting dead leaves into garden statuary
Unity describing something that for a while was given the two-word label microwave
oven, but is now usually called just a microwave.
Ex: We’re designing a device for cooking food by microwaves.<br>
On the shopping channel, I saw a tool for compacting dead leaves into garden statuary
Unity describing something that for a while was given the two-word label microwave
oven, but is now usually called just a microwave.
Ex: We’re designing a device for cooking food by microwaves.<br>
43
concepts New concepts are invented and new words or new senses of old words given to them.
Children acquiring concepts we have to recognize that their concepts may differ from the concepts
of adults.
Children may operate with concepts that are quite
different, underextending concepts when for a child dog can only be used for their pet, not the one
next door;<br>
Children acquiring concepts we have to recognize that their concepts may differ from the concepts
of adults.
Children may operate with concepts that are quite
different, underextending concepts when for a child dog can only be used for their pet, not the one
next door;<br>
44
concepts overextending concepts, where a child uses daddy
for every male adult, or cat for cats, rabbits and other pets.<br>
for every male adult, or cat for cats, rabbits and other pets.<br>
45
Necessary and sufficient conditions If we have a concept like woman, it must contain the information necessary to decide when
something in the world is a woman or not.
If something must have them to be a woman, then
they can be called necessary conditions. In addition, if we can find the right set enough to define a woman, then they can be called sufficient conditions, we have identified the right amount
of information for the concept.<br>
something in the world is a woman or not.
If something must have them to be a woman, then
they can be called necessary conditions. In addition, if we can find the right set enough to define a woman, then they can be called sufficient conditions, we have identified the right amount
of information for the concept.<br>
46
Necessary and sufficient conditions Ignorance: when speakers often use words
to refer knowing very little, and sometimes nothing, about the identifying characteristics
of the referent.
Definition : that a word is referring to a concept
composed of a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, or what amounts to the same thing.<br>
to refer knowing very little, and sometimes nothing, about the identifying characteristics
of the referent.
Definition : that a word is referring to a concept
composed of a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, or what amounts to the same thing.<br>
47
prototypes A model of concepts which views them as structured so that there are central or typical
members of a category, such as bird or furniture, but then a shading off into less typical or peripheral members. So chair is a more central
member of the category furniture than lamp, for example.<br>
members of a category, such as bird or furniture, but then a shading off into less typical or peripheral members. So chair is a more central
member of the category furniture than lamp, for example.<br>
48
prototypes Speakers tend to agree more readily on typical
members than on less typical members; they come to mind more quickly.
borderline uncertainty: an item in the world
might bear some resemblance to two different prototypes.
We don’t know whether a whale is a mammal or fish.
whales resembl eprototypical fish in some
characteristic features: they live underwater in the
oceans, have fins, etc.<br>
members than on less typical members; they come to mind more quickly.
borderline uncertainty: an item in the world
might bear some resemblance to two different prototypes.
We don’t know whether a whale is a mammal or fish.
whales resembl eprototypical fish in some
characteristic features: they live underwater in the
oceans, have fins, etc.<br>
49
prototypes some researchers have argued that the central
prototype is an abstraction. This abstraction might be a set of characteristic features,
to which we compare real items for discussion.
Other researchers have proposed that we organize
our categories by exemplars, memories of actual sparrows, pigeons and hawks, and we compute the likelihood of something we meet being a bird
on the basis of comparison with these memories of
real birds<br>
prototype is an abstraction. This abstraction might be a set of characteristic features,
to which we compare real items for discussion.
Other researchers have proposed that we organize
our categories by exemplars, memories of actual sparrows, pigeons and hawks, and we compute the likelihood of something we meet being a bird
on the basis of comparison with these memories of
real birds<br>
50
Relations between concepts<br>
51
Relations between concepts How much knowledge a speaker has to have in order to use a word?
Such relations between concepts have been used to motivate models of conceptual hierarchies in the
cognitive psychology literature.
concepts are represented by nodes in a network, to which attributes can be attached and between
which there are links. One such link is inclusion so that a subordinate node inherits attributes from a superordinate node.<br>
Such relations between concepts have been used to motivate models of conceptual hierarchies in the
cognitive psychology literature.
concepts are represented by nodes in a network, to which attributes can be attached and between
which there are links. One such link is inclusion so that a subordinate node inherits attributes from a superordinate node.<br>
52
Relations between concepts Canary inherits the attributes of bird and animal and thus inherits the attributes breathes, eats, has
skin, has wings, can fly, has feathers.
model has the ability to block inheritance, so that for example ostrich does not inherit can fly from
bird.
Conceptual hierarchies contain three levels of generality:
1. superordinate level
2.basic level
3. subordinate level<br>
skin, has wings, can fly, has feathers.
model has the ability to block inheritance, so that for example ostrich does not inherit can fly from
bird.
Conceptual hierarchies contain three levels of generality:
1. superordinate level
2.basic level
3. subordinate level<br>
53
Relations between concepts The levels differ in their balance between informativeness and usefulness.
The superordinate level is furniture, which has relatively few characteristic features; the basic
level would include concepts like chair, which has more features, and the subordinate level would
include concepts like armchair, dining chair, etc.,
which have still more features and are thus more specific again.<br>
The superordinate level is furniture, which has relatively few characteristic features; the basic
level would include concepts like chair, which has more features, and the subordinate level would
include concepts like armchair, dining chair, etc.,
which have still more features and are thus more specific again.<br>
54
The basic level The basic level: is the level that is most used in everyday life; it is acquired first by children; in experiments it is the level at which adults
spontaneously name objects; such objects are
recognized more quickly in tests, and so on.<br>
spontaneously name objects; such objects are
recognized more quickly in tests, and so on.<br>
55
The basic level Relationship between the basic level and the intermediate term might vary somewhat from domain to domain: man-made categories
like furniture differ somewhat from natural kind terms, and the relationship may vary depending on the person’s experience of the categories
.<br>
like furniture differ somewhat from natural kind terms, and the relationship may vary depending on the person’s experience of the categories
.<br>
56
references Crure, A.(2000).Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics& pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Saeed,J.(2009). Semantics. London: Penguin.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_Chapter/0631192964/Allan.pdf
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-definition-of-Semantic-concept<br>
Saeed,J.(2009). Semantics. London: Penguin.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_Chapter/0631192964/Allan.pdf
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-definition-of-Semantic-concept<br>
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Thank you<br>