What interventions are effective in increasing active travel? Eleanor Roaf Harrie Larrington-Spencer Emma Lawlor Background Active travel is when physical activity is incorporated into the practice of travelling (Cook et al., 2022).
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What interventions are effective in increasing active travel? Eleanor Roaf
Harrie Larrington-Spencer
Emma Lawlor<br>
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Background Active travel is when physical activity is incorporated into the practice of travelling (Cook et al., 2022).
Previous systematic reviews have tended to look at specific types of intervention, rather than at the relative impact of these.
This review included any intervention where the author(s) had a stated aim of increasing active travel.<br>
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Search Strategy Search terms “active travel” OR bicycling
OR cycling OR walking OR
wheeling
AND
“mixed methods” OR intervention OR trial Databases Geobase
Embase
Web of Science
TRID
Cochrane Trials (Central)
CINAHL<br>
04
Inclusion criteria Only peer-reviewed articles of original primary research were included.
Study participants had to be community dwelling.
There were no age, gender or language restrictions.
Studies had to include pre- and post-measurements of active travel, with data collected in or after 2013.
Studies including modelled data only, or purely descriptive studies, were excluded.
Studies of e-scooters, motorised wheelchairs, and public transport were excluded although public transport was included if the study included data on active travel.
Studies that measured only changes in physical activity (eg step counts) without reference to active travel were excluded.
Studies had to assess the impact of the intervention on active travel, using self-report measures (e.g., surveys, travel diaries) and/or objective measures (e.g., wearable device data, observations, on-bike systems).
Measures could be counts, or frequency, duration, or distance of active travel.<br>
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PRISMA summary<br>
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Number of studies by type of intervention<br>
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Findings: studies involving children/schools<br>
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Findings: social/behavioural interventions<br>
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Findings: studies offering practical support for cycling Providing an e-bike or e-bike rental scheme seems to be more effective than offering pedal bicycles.
Loans or subsidies of e-bikes showed a positive effect on cycling rates and reduced car usage
Loans of pedal bicycles seem to work for people who self-refer into programmes or who have very limited access to other forms of transport.
Bicycle sharing schemes that are linked to good infrastructure may be more effective, but people need to both live and work in areas of good infrastructure.
.<br>
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Findings from studies including infrastructure changes Environmental changes tended to be more effective than social/behavioural ones, Multi-component interventions, and those covering a larger area, appear to have the biggest impact
Interventions did not always have the same impact on women as on men.
Most studies of environmental changes focussed on the needs of cyclists rather than pedestrians.
Some infrastructure changes led to a move of existing cyclists to the new routes.
Improving an area’s walkability score appears to lead to increases in walking rates.
Better public transport (and proximity to stops) may decrease time spent on active travel but may increase frequency and reduce use of private vehicles.
Improving public transport can reduce cycling by pedal bicycle but e-bike use is maintained.<br>
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Conclusions Pedestrians, cyclists, public transport users, car/van drivers and people with mobility aids have different needs but often occupy the same space: hierarchy of vulnerability must be respected.
Behavioural interventions alone are not effective.
Interventions that combine infrastructure change with social/behavioural programmes and those offering e-bikes have the most impact
Small-scale cycling interventions may lead to route substitution rather than an increase in cycling
E-bikes and e-cargo bikes make similar demands on the road system as pedal bikes but allow more and longer journeys to be made, and are more acceptable to novice cyclists
Research should focus on how to develop public and political support for effective interventions.
Research should include financial assessment of costs and benefits, including health, carbon reduction, air quality and productivity impacts.<br>
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Recommendations Active travel should be encouraged for all journeys with public promotion of walking and cycling, and enhanced access to e-bikes and e-cargo bikes
There must be good links to safe, affordable and reliable public transport.
There must be changes to how and where motorised vehicles are driven and parked.
The potential impact and role of e-scooters (not covered in this review) also needs to be considered.
Policy makers and planners should stop designing or funding interventions that address only behavioural or social aspects of active travel. Environmental and infrastructure changes, including road space reallocation, are required, as well as long term funding.
Future research should focus on how to develop public and political support for such interventions.<br>
