Vladimir Il’ich Ul’ianov - PowerPoint Presentation

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Vladimir Il’ich Ul’ianov a.k.a. “Lenin”

In 1887, shortly after the death of his father, Lenin's older brother Alexander was arrested in St. Petersburg for plotting against Tsar Alexander III. (In 1881, the mysterious Executive Committee of the Narodnaya Volya, succeeded in assassinating Alexander II.) Alexander Ulanov, only seventeen years old, was convicted and hanged. This tragic event hardened Lenin and although it perhaps did not make him a revolutionary, certainly hardened his hatred for the repressive culture that was late 19th century Russia.http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lenin.html

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Lenin and the Bolsheviks

Lenin enrolled at the University of Kazan (law and political economy) in 1887 but was soon expelled for his participation in student disturbances. In 1891 he passed the law examinations at the University of St. Petersburg as an external student, scoring first in his class.

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Police photo of Vladimir

Il’ich Lenin, taken after his arrest in 1895 for participation in the St. Petersberg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.Click here for short page on Lenin’s life

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King George V of England (right) with his first cousin Tsar Nicholas II, in Berlin, Germany, 1913. Note the resemblance between the two monarchs. It was the British royal family’s DNA that would eventually help identify the body of Anastasia and her siblings, as well as her imposters.

Unknown to the Tsar, he and his family had only 5 years to live.

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A demonstration of workers from the Putilov plant in Petrograd (modern day St. Peterburg), Russia, during the February Revolution. The left banner reads "Feed the children of the defenders of the motherland"; the right banner, "Increase payments to the soldiers' families - defenders of freedom and world peace".

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Russian soldiers returning from the Eastern Front 1917

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The

Duva was Russia’s legislative assembly from 1906 -1917, until Lenin's Bolsheviks took power from the Duva’s provisional government in a military coup. This man, Alexander Kerensky was the provisional government’s leader. When Lenin’s Bolsheviks took power in October of 1917, only 7 months after Kerensky’s government took power from the Tsar, …

… Kerensky was forced into exile, first in France, and later in the U.S.

He was married in Pennsylvania. He died at his home in New York City in 1970, one of the last survivors of the 1917 Russian revolutions.

Kerensky in D.C. in 1938

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Between 1917 and 1922-1923, there was a civil war in Russia. The communist Bolshevik Red Army, tried to maintain power and fight off the primarily Allied-backed White Army, who wanted a return to the tsarist monarchy, or at least defeat the communist Bolsheviks.

White Army Women's Regiment from Petrograd (Russian for St. Petersburg) drinking tea and eating, in front of their tents, circa Feb. 1918

White Army in Serbia 1923

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"The overthrow of the bourgeoisie

[i.e. capitalist class] can be achieved only by the proletariat [i.e. working class] becoming the ruling class, capable of crushing the inevitable and desperate resistance of the bourgeoisie, and of organizing all the working and exploited people for the new economic system.”In 1917, Lenin writes The State and Revolution. The Russian Revolution was happening at that moment.

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Lenin's Bolsheviks defeat the White Army, order the murder of the Romanovs

, and Lenin becomes the first Soviet leader of Russia in 1922. Lenin survived two close assassination attempts, one in which he was shot twice, once in the jaw. Lenin would die of a stroke in 1924, and Josef Stalin would become a ruthless dictator in Russia for the next 30 years.

Conceived during the Bolshevik Revolution, the hammer & sickle represents the workers

and the peasants

.

1920 Soviet poster

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Lenin’ Mausoleum Today

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Russian imperial family, 1914. Left to right: Grand Duchess

Olga, Grand Duchess Maria, Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, Grand Duchess Anastasia, Tsarevitch Alexei, Grand Duchess Tatiana

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When the daughters wrote letters that were from all of them, they would often sign them “OTMA” for Olga, Tatiana, Marie and Anastasia, (oldest to youngest).

The Romanov Daughters

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Tatiana

Olga

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Marie

Anastasia

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Yekaterinburg's "Church on the Blood", built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood

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Joseph Stalin

Lived 1878-1953 Leader of Soviet Union from 1922 till deathFinancially Command economyReplaced Lenin’s “New Economic Policy” with “Five Year Plans”Industrialization and collective farmsFood production suffered and millions starved (2.5 to 10 million in the Ukraine alone during the 1932-1933 “Holodomor” (Starving Time)

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Stalin Politically

A totalitarian leader“The Great Purge/The Great Terror” was an attempt to rid the Communist Party and eventually the Soviet Union of disloyal members. The accused were deported, imprisoned in Gulag labor camps, or executed.

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The following slides include images and text from the National Park Service:

The National Park Service, in a unique partnership with the Gulag Museum at Perm-36, the International Memorial Society, and Amnesty International USA, is presenting the first exhibition on the Soviet Gulag in the United States, “Gulag: Soviet Forced Labor Camps and the Struggle for Freedom.”

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Who Went to the Gulags?

What Were Their Crimes?The Gulag held many types of prisoners. It served as the Soviet Union’s main penal system: robbers, rapists, murderers, and thieves spent their sentences not in prisons but in the Gulag.In addition, the Gulag held political prisoners, a group including not only real opponents of the Soviet regime but also many innocents caught up in the paranoid clutches of the Soviet secret police. Most prisoners were the victims of arbitrary and severe legal campaigns under which petty theft, lateness, or unexcused absences from work were punished by many years in these concentration camps.

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What was a GULAG?

The term “GULAG” is an acronym for the Soviet bureaucratic institution, Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei (Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps), that operated the Soviet system of forced labor camps in the Stalin era. Since the publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago in 1973, the term has come to represent the entire Soviet forced labor penal system. Concentration camps were created in the Soviet Union shortly after the 1917 revolution, but the system grew to tremendous proportions during the course of Stalin’s campaign to turn the Soviet Union into a modern industrial power and to collectivize agriculture in the early 1930s.

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Gulag camps existed throughout the Soviet Union, but the largest camps lay in the most extreme geographical and climatic regions of the country from the Arctic north to the Siberian east and the Central Asian south. Prisoners were engaged in a variety of economic activities, but their work was typically unskilled, manual, and economically inefficient. The combination of endemic violence, extreme climate, hard labor, meager food rations and unsanitary conditions led to extremely high death rates in the camps.

While the Gulag was radically reduced in size following Stalin’s death in 1953, forced labor camps and political prisoners continued to exist in the Soviet Union right up to the Gorbachev era.

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Might You

Have Been Sent to the Gulag?Have you ever been late to work? In the Stalin era, a person who arrived late to work three times could be sent to the Gulag for three years.Have you ever told a joke about a government official?

In the Stalin era, many were sent to the Gulag for up to 25 years for telling an innocent joke about a Communist Party official.

If your family was starving, would you take a few potatoes left in a field after harvest?

In the Stalin era, a person could be sent to the Gulag for up to ten years for such petty theft.

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Typical Day at the Camp

Daily Schedule of a Gulag Prisoner Time Activity6:00 AM Wake up call6:30 AM Breakfast7:00 AM Roll-call7:30 AM 1 1/2 hour to march to forests, under guarded escort6:00 PM 1 1/2 hour return march to camp7:30 PM Dinner8:00 PM After-dinner camp work duties (chop firewood, shovel snow, gardening, road repair, etc.)11:00 PM Lights out

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About 150,000 inmates were imprisoned in more than 150 camps in the Perm region during the late 1940s. This made up about one-third of the total working population of the region.Courtesy of the Gulag Museum at Perm-36. Perm Region Camps, 1948-1953

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Stalin’s Gulag

Seeking the appearance of democracy, the Soviet Union held elections, but only one Communist Party candidate appeared on the ballot for each office. Fear of punishment ensured that nearly all Soviet citizens “voted” by taking their ballot and ceremoniously placing it into a ballot box.In 1949, Ivan Burylov, a beekeeper, protested this absurd ritual by writing the word “Comedy” on his “secret” ballot. Soviet authorities linked the ballot to Burylov and sentenced him to eight years in camps for this “crime.”

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Trying to feed her four hungry children during the massive 1932-1933 famine, the peasant mother allegedly stole three pounds of rye from her former field—confiscated by the state as part of collectivization. Soviet authorities sentenced her to ten years in the Gulag. When her sentence expired in 1943, it was arbitrarily extended until the end of the war in 1945. After her release, she was required to live in exile near her Gulag camp north of the Arctic Circle, and she was not able to return home until 1956, after the death of Stalin. Maria Tchebotareva never found her children after her release.

Courtesy of the Gulag Museum at Perm-36. Maria

Tchebotareva

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“After eleven and a half hours of labor (not including time needed to assign a task, receive tools and give them back), Professor Kozyrev commented: ‘How far Man is still from perfection. Just to think how many people and what minds are needed to do a job of one horse.’” “In this case the four incompetent workers were: Epifanov, who was until the Great Purge of 1937 a professor of Marxism-Leninism in the Academy of Mining in Moscow; Colonel Ivanov, a chief of a major Red Army division; Professor Kozyrev, director of research at the Pulkovo Space Observatory in Leningrad; and myself, a secret agent of the Comintern.” Drawing and memoir excerpt by Jacques Rossi.

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Indirect and Unforeseen Help

from the U.S. This shovel was found in one of the Gulag camps in remote Kolyma. It was one of many tools sent by the United States government to the Soviet Union during World War II. These items often found their way to the Gulag camps.

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Kolyma was a name that struck fear into the Gulag prisoner. Reputedly the coldest inhabited place on the planet, prisoners spoke of Kolyma as a place where 12 months were winter and all the rest summer. Kolyma was so remote that it could not be reached by an overland route. Prisoners traveled by train across the length of the Soviet Union only to spend up to several months on the Pacific coast waiting for the few months each year when the waterways were free of ice. Then, they boarded ships for their trip past Japan and up the Kolyma River to their gold-mining destination. Surviving Kolyma was more difficult than any other Gulag locale.

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Gulag prisoners could work up to 14 hours per day. Typical Gulag labor was exhausting physical work. Toiling sometimes in the most extreme climates, prisoners might spend their days felling trees with handsaws and axes or digging at frozen ground with primitive pickaxes. Others mined coal or copper by hand, often suffering painful and fatal lung diseases from inhalation of ore dust. Prisoners were barely fed enough to sustain such difficult labor.

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Paika.

“Ration.” Prisoners in the Gulag received food according to how much work they did. A full ration barely provided enough food for survival. If a prisoner did not fulfill his daily work quota, he received even less food. If a prisoner consistently failed to fulfill his work quotas, he would slowly starve to death.

Before the 1950s, camps did not provide dishes, and prisoners ate food from small pots.

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Varlam Shalamov

Russian author who was imprisoned in the Gulag for more than 20 years. He wrote the celebrated Kolyma Tales, a series of short stories based on his life in the Gulag.

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"Each time they brought in the soup... it made us all want to cry. We were ready to cry for fear that the soup would be thin. And when a miracle occurred and the soup was thick we couldn’t believe it and ate it as slowly as possible. But even with thick soup in a warm stomach there remained a sucking pain; we’d been hungry for too long. All human emotions—love, friendship, envy, concern for one’s fellow man, compassion, longing for fame, honesty—had left us with the flesh that had melted from our bodies...“

V.T. Shalamov, “Dry Rations,” from Kolyma Tales.

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Ivan Kovalev

Russian human rights activist, was editor of the underground human rights bulletin V and the Chronicle of Current Events. For his “anti-Soviet activities,” the KGB arrested him in 1981 and sentenced him to five years in the Gulag and five years of internal exile.

Courtesy of Ivan Kovalev.

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Tatiana Osipova

Tatiana Osipova, Ivan Kovalev’s wife, was arrested in 1980 for similar “crimes.” She was an active and vocal member of the human rights organization, Helsinki Group. When her term was over in 1985, the authorities charged her with breaking camp rules and kept her there for two more years. Courtesy of Tatiana Osipova.

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Ivan Kovalev etched a secret love message to his wife, Tatiana Osipova, on a toothbrush so that he could get it past the camp guards. She sent him a toothbrush with her message one year later, after he too had been arrested and sent to prison.

“To my one and only husband. Be strong, my darling. I love you and miss you. Tusha”“Tusha. I am crazy about you. Hold on there baby. I am here for you.”Courtesy of Tatiana Osipova and Ivan Kovalev.

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Propaganda Meets “Photoshop”

The Following photos and entries are credited to Hany Farid University of Dartmouth

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Totalitarian Stalin

circa 1930: Stalin routinely air-brushed his enemies out of photographs. In this photograph a commissar was removed from the original photograph after falling out of favor with Stalin.

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Totalitarian Hitler

1937: In this doctored photograph, Adolf Hitler had Joseph Goebbels (second from the right) removed from the original photograph. It remains unclear why exactly Goebbels fell out of favor with Hitler.

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Totalitarian Mussolini

1942: In order to create a more heroic portrait of himself, Benito Mussolini had the horse handler removed from the original photograph.

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Totalitarian Mao

1936: In this doctored photograph, Mao Tse-tung (first from the right) had Po Ku (first from the left) removed from the original photograph, after Po Ku fell out of favor with Mao.

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August 1989:

The cover of TV Guide displayed this picture of daytime talk-show host Oprah Winfrey. This picture was created by splicing the head of Winfrey onto the body of actress Ann-Margret, taken from a 1979 publicity shot. The composite was created without permission of Winfrey or Ann-Margret, and was detected by Ann-Margret's fashion designer, who recognized the dress.

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September 2000:

Hoping to illustrate its diverse enrollment, the University of Wisconsin at Madison doctored a photograph on a brochure cover by digitally inserting a black student in a crowd of white football fans. The original photograph of white fans was taken in 1993. The additional black student, senior Diallo Shabazz, was taken in 1994. University officials said that they spent the summer looking for pictures that would show the school's diversity -- but had no luck.

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January 2003:

The original copy of the Beatles Abbey Road album cover shows Paul McCartney, third in line, holding a cigarette. United States poster companies have airbrushed this image to remove the cigarette from McCartney's hand. This change was made without the permission of either McCartney or Apple Records, which owns the rights to the image. "We have never agreed to anything like this," said an Apple spokesman. "It seems these poster companies got a little carried away. They shouldn't have done what they have, but there isn't much we can do about it now."

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February 2004: This digital composite of Senator John Kerry and Jane Fonda sharing a stage at an anti-war rally emerged during the 2004 Presidential primaries as Senator Kerry was campaigning for the Democratic nomination. The picture of Senator Kerry was captured by photographer Ken Light as Kerry was preparing to give a speech at the Register for Peace Rally held in Mineola, New York, in June 1971. The picture of Jane Fonda was capturedby Owen Franken as Fonda was speaking at a political rally in Miami Beach, Florida, in August 1972.

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March 2004:

This political ad for George W. Bush, as he was running for President, shows a sea of soldiers as a back drop to a child holding a flag. This image was digitally doctored by copying and pasting, from this original photograph, several soldiers to digitally remove Bush from a podium. After acknowledging that the photo had been doctored, the Bush campaign said that the ad would be re-edited and re-shipped to TV stations.

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Another Modern Example

April 2009: This photo shows Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (center left), President Shimon Peres (center right), along with members of the Cabinet. The Israeli newspaper Yated Neeman digitally removed two female Cabinet members from the photo and replaced them with male members. The newspaper Yated Neeman is considered to be ultra-orthodox and not supportive of females in the cabinet.