The really important dimensions will be highly heritable have a neurological substrate 3 dimensions met these criteria Extraversion E Neuroticism N ID: 458877
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Slide1
Eysenck’s 3-Factor Model
The really important dimensions will be
highly
heritable
have a
neurological substrate
3 dimensions met these criteria:
Extraversion E
Neuroticism N
Psychoticism PSlide2
Psychoticism PLacking empathyOften cruel and inhumane (hurt animals)Often act very aggressively
Prone to impulsive behavior
Irresponsible, disorganizedCan show odd, strange behaviorAntisocial tendencies (criminality)
Eysenck strongly favored the label
Psychoticism
, however that label was always controversial. Some proposed that
Psychopathy
was closer to what Eysenck’s P questionnaire was measuring.Slide3
Criticism of Eysenck PEN model 1) Heritability?
Many traits are heritable.
2) Neurological substrates?Neuroscience ideas are premature. 3) PEN is not comprehensive
Missing some big dimensions
Criticism of
PEN
model Slide4
Cattell’s “16PF” Trait Taxonomy
Quest:
Identify and measure all of the basic units of personality
Criterion of basicness?Replicability across data sources
(LOTS, e.g., finding same factors in self-reports vs. observer ratings)
Cattell’s “16PF”
TaxonomySlide5
Cattell’s Taxonomy: 16PF
Approach
LexicalSample Allports 28,000
StatisticalData (self-ratings).
Factor analysis of correlations.
Converging evidence across
data sources (
LOTS
)
Cattell’s “16PF”
TaxonomySlide6
Cattell’s TaxonomyCriticisms
Failure to replicate
the 16 Many argue # factors is much smaller than 16
Cattell’s “16PF”
TaxonomySlide7
Criticism: Too many factors ?
Dominance
Boldness
Impulsivity
Extraversion ?Slide8
Costa & McCrae (1976)
Factor analysis of
16 PF
No support for 16 factors.
Concluded 16 PF is measuring
3
very big dimensions.Slide9
E
N
O
?Slide10
Costa & McCrae (1976)
3 big factors in 16PF. Two were familiar (E,N). One was new (O).
N
euroticism
E
xtraversion
O
penness to Experience
NEO Personality InventorySlide11
Taxonomy of Interpersonal TraitsThe Interpersonal
Trait Domain
Leary
WigginsSlide12Interpersonal Traits
Interpersonal traitsTraits that require interactionBold, timid, kind, cold, hostile, sociable, aloof, polite, deferent, agreeable. Non-interpersonal traitsDon’t require interaction
organized, neat, messy, nervous, gloomy, jolly, curious, irritable.Slide13
AssertiveDominantManipulativeColdhearted
Aloof
IntrovertedTimidSubmissiveAgreeableWarmhearted
SociableExtravertedSlide14
Interpersonal Circle
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
AgreeableSlide15
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
Dominance
Warmth Slide16
LSD “Guru”
1960s
Counterculture
& Antiwar
Movement
Timothy LearySlide17
Love
DomSlide18
Warmth
Dominance
Interpersonal Circumplex
(IPC)
Slide19
Wiggins-Leary Circumplex
Circumplex Model
Circular continuum of meaning... around LOVE and POWERInterpersonal traits are traits involving…
social resource exchange Slide20
Manipulative
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
Power or
Dominance
Love or
WarmthSlide21
The Wiggins-Leary Circumplex
Advantages
Specifies the expected association among all interpersonal traitsSlide22
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
Bipolarity
Adjacency
OrthogonalitySlide23
Alerts investigators to gaps in coverage of interpersonal
traits
Improves integration of research findings. e.g., Bem Sex Role Inventory
The Wiggins-Leary
CircumplexSlide24
Sandra Bem (1944-2014)
Influential gender theorist
Gender Schema Theory
Gender role socializationNew method of measuring
masculinity-femininity
Bem Sex-Role Inventory
Indicates how gender
“schematic” you are.
New York Times Magazine, May, 2015Slide25
F
M
Prior to Bem (1974)
Traditional concept of
Masculinity-Femininity
Masc and Fem were opposite qualities.
You cannot be feminine
and
masculine.
That seemed to fit ordinary intuitions about what masculine and feminine meant.Slide26
Bem (1974) Q:
How to measure masculinity & femininity?
Identify traits regarded more culturally desirable for one gender or the other. Men? Dominant, Bold, Competitive, etc.
Women? Sympathetic, Kind, Tender, etc.Slide27
F
M
Masc and Fem
are
two things
.
People come in
all combinations.
Gender roles
simply mask this
true picture of men
and women.
Sandra Bem (1974)
M
FSlide28
Q: Why were Bem’s Masc and Fem scales orthogonal (uncorrelated)?
BSRI Masc
= Bold, assertive...BSRI Fem = Kind, caring…
Hint: Where are these two groups of
traits on the
Interpersonal Circumplex
? Slide29
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
M
FSlide30
Q: What about negative (-) masculinetraits and negative (-)feminine traits?
(-)Masc
= Cold, insensitive...(-)Fem = Timid, helpless… Where are THOSE two groups of
traits on the Interpersonal Circumplex? Slide31
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
M
FSlide32
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
M
F
M
F
F
MSlide33
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
M
FSlide34
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
F
MSlide35
Bem’s Androgyny
Theory
Highest Well-beingSlide36
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
M
F
The Leary-Wiggins Circumplex model implies that Bem’s androgenous persons were likely to have been
extraverts
, which explains why her androgeous group typically reported the highest levels of well-being—Extraverts tend to report especially high levels of
positive emotions
.Slide37
Benefits of the IPC ModelThis illustrates the benefits of referring trait concepts and measures to general structural models of trait covariation.
Bem’s core findings with the Bem Sex Role Inventory (
BSRI) would have been anticipated from the relations well summarized by the interpersonal circumplex model (not published by Wiggins until 1979). Slide38
History of Big Five Model
Comprehensive Models of Traits?
Eysenck’s PEN ? --
No.Leary-Wiggins Circumplex ? -- No.
Cattell’s
16 PF
? --
No
.
(-) Procedural ambiguities.
(-) Very small #variables measured.
(-) No cross-cultural replications. Slide39
Lewis Goldberg (1980s) Redo steps of Cattell Large scale factor Analyses easy now1710 adjectives self-ratings,peer-ratings
Result:
5 broad dimensions What about other languages? German, Dutch, French, Turkish, Tagalog…
Same result:
Big Five
Lexical discovery of the Big 5Slide40 The OCEAN of Personality
Extraversion
Neuroticism
ConscientiousnessAgreeableness
Openness-Intellect
E
N
Eysenck’s
P
?Slide41
The Big Five
Warmth
Activity-level
Assertiveness
Excitement-skg
Sociability
Pos emotions
E
O
C
A
N
Each factor represents covariation among
hundreds of related traits.
5
Dimensions of Trait
CovariationSlide42Extraversion
Is full of energy. Has an assertive
personality. Is outgoing, sociable. Is talkative. Generates a lot of
enthusiasm.Is sometimes shy, inhibited. Tends
to be quiet.
Is
reserved. Slide43Agreeableness
Is helpful and unselfish with others.
Is generally
trusting. Has a forgiving nature.
Likes to cooperate with others. Is sometimes rude to others. (-)
Starts
quarrels with others.
(-)
Can be cold and aloof.
(-)Slide44Conscientiousness
Does a thorough job Is a reliable worker
Perseveres until the task is finished Does things efficiently Makes plans and
follows through with them Tends to be disorganized (-)Slide45Neuroticism
Is depressed, blue. Worries a lot.
Gets
nervous easily.Can be moody. Is relaxed, handles stress well. (-) Remains calm in tense situations. (-) Slide46Openness to Experience
Is curious about many different things. Has an active imagination
.
Values artistic, aesthetic experiences. Likes to
reflect, play with ideas. Is
original
, comes up with new ideas
.
Is
ingenious
, a deep
thinker
.
Is
inventive
.Slide47
Big Five Aspects QuestionnaireEnjoy the beauty of nature.
Believe in the
importance of art.Love to
reflect on things.Get deeply immersed in music.
See
beauty in things
that others might not notice.
Am
quick to understand
things.
Can handle a
lot of information
.
Like to
solve complex problems
.
Have a
rich vocabulary
.
Think quickly
.Formulate ideas clearly. O
I
Jordan PetersonSlide48Why is Big Five important?
1. Comprehensive (cont’d)Also located in old trait questionnaires. e.g., MMPI, CPI, 16PF
Example: MBTI
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorSlide49
Costa and McCraeSlide50
?MTBI correlations with B5
O C E A N
I-S
J-P
E-I
F-T
.72
.50
.74
.44Slide51
Are the Big Five related to the Leary-Wiggins Circumplex Model?
The Wiggins Circumplex has two underlying dimensions, DOM and LOV.
Which 2
Big Five dimensions correspond to the underlying two dimensions of the Leary-Wiggins Circumplex?Slide52
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
Dominance
Warmth Slide53
Assertive
Timid
Warm
Cold
Extraverted
Affiliative
Dominant
Manipulative
Aloof
Introverted
Deferent
Agreeable
Extrav
AgreSlide54
Freud's character types:
Oral
Extrav ?
Anal
Consc ?
Phallic
Openness ?
Genital
(Dis)-Agree ?
Can the Big Five Explain Sigmund Freud’s Character Types?
Freud’s Character Types
Big Five Personality DimensionsSlide55
Ignore the slides after this one unless we covered them in class. Only slides we cover in class are relevant material in the course. Therefore, you can ignore any slides after this point that were NOT covered in class. Slide562. Cross-cultural univers.
Found in many languagesMany languages other than European (although the clearest replications are in European languages)Translated Big Five questionnaires show same structure worldwide
NEO-PIR
studied in hundreds of languagesFactor structure recovers Big Five very closely in all samplesSlide57
3. Very stable over time
Self-reports
r
Interval
Big Five
6 years
.74
GZTS
MMPI
24 years
30 years
.65
.56
MMPI Si
.70
30 years
Peer-reports
Big Five
7 years
.70Slide58
4. Strong heritability
Weight
IQ
.60
.50
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
.46
.36
.31
.28
.28Slide59
5. Predict important thingsPhysical Health
Substance abuse
(e.g., low C, high N, high O)Longevity (e.g. high C)Psychological health
(e.g., low N
, high
E, high C)
Close relationships / divorce
(e.g., high N)
Career preferences
(e.g., openness and extrav)
Political preferences
(e.g., openness)
Music preferences
(e.g.,
openness, extraversion)
Lifestyle
leisure interests… clothing… tattoos (!)Slide60
Neuroticism
Depression
Well-being and PersonalitySlide61
Politics and Personality
Openness
Slide62
Beyond the Big Five?Possible omissions: Pos eval
“good”, excellent”
Neg eval “evil”, “awful”masc/fem
“girlish” relig & spiri
“religious”
attractiveness
“beautiful”
Sexuality
“sexy”Slide63Big Five Controversies
1. Is Factor V Opns or Intellect?The fifth Big Factor isn’t identical across different languages. 2. Maybe a “Big Six”model is better than a Big Five model?Lee and Ashton (2008) propose a “
HEXACO
” model of personality. They found support for it in re-analysis of many lexical studies of different languages.Slide64Slide65
The Structure of Turkish Trait Adjectives
E
C
A
N
Source
: Somer and Goldberg (1999)Slide66
Turkish Factor V: Openness to Experience
Open to experience
Open-minded
Modern, progressive
Likes reading
Source
: Somer and Goldberg (1999)Slide67
Source: Ashton et al. (2001)
French Factor V: Openness to Experience
Passionate
Revolutionary
Unconventional
EccentricSlide68
French
Dutch
Turkish
German
Hungarian Tagalog
Factor V…
Intellect?
Factor V…
Openness?
Artistic, passionate, curious imaginative, open-minded, liberal, unconventional…
Intelligent, intellectual, clever, smart, perceptive, observant, knowledgeable…Slide69The Big “Six” instead?
HEXACO model Agreeableness is too broad? Easily breaks into 2 big dimensions6th factor:
Honesty-Humility [H-H]
Many languages show this 6th factorBig Six is better?Currently being debated. (Many disagree).H-H tend to be very strongly inversely correlated with
psychopathy (
r
=
-
.70
)Slide70HEXACO model
Agreeableness
(+)Gentle, Peace-loving, Patient
(-)Aggressive, (-)touchy
Honesty-Humility
(+)
Sincere, Honest,
Just
(-)
Boastful,(-)Dishonest.(-)Greedy Slide71
Lexical “Big Three”
De Raad et al. (2014)Slide72
De Raad et al. (2014)
Int-Opn
Agreeable-
ness
Emotional
Stability
Conscienti-
ousness
Extraversion
Intellect-
Openess
Big Five Model
HEXACOSlide73
The AB5C Model
B5 Factor 3 and 4
B5 Factor 1 and 2
Wiggins-Leary IPC
AB5C = Abridged Big Five CircumplexSlide74
Abridged Big Five Circumplex (AB5C)
AB5C
= 10 two-dimensional circumplexescreated for all possible pairs of Big Five
A 2-dimensional circumplex can be proposed for any pair of Big Five factors
.
The Leary-
Wiggins Circumplex is simply one
of these. (the circumplex for:
Extra
&
Agre
).
AB5C Trait TaxonomySlide75
Consc
Opns
Organized
Reliable
Smart
Competent
Curious Original
Day-dreamy
Imaginative
Disorganized
Careless
Practical
Down-to-earth
Unreflective
Incurious
Lax
IncompetentSlide76
Organized
Disorganized
Anx
Calm
Consc
Neur
Erratic
Disciplined
Obsessive
Laid-back