Introduction to Marine Science - PowerPoint Presentation

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Introduction to Marine Science

Unit 2 Mrs. Jeffcoat

scrippsnews.ucsd.edu

123rf.com

mare.hawaii.eduSlide2

Unit 2 Objectives:

Define Marine ScienceWhat are the four branches of oceanography?What are careers in the field of oceanography?Explain the history of oceanography including contributions from various cultures and time periods

List, identify, and describe common tools used in oceanographySlide3

What is Marine Science

Marine: Related to the sea or oceanScience: Body of knowledge and an organized method used to gain knowledge about the observable universe

Marine Science: Process of discovering facts, processes and unifying principles that explains the nature of oceans and their associated life formOceanography = Marine Science

aaronetto.blogspot.comSlide4

4 Branches of Oceanography

Biological Oceanography: (AKA Marine Biology) Studies the diversity of life in the ocean and the ocean's role as their habitat

Chemical Oceanography: Studies the chemistry of seawater and the affect of chemical reactions on oceansGeological Oceanography: Examines the composition of marine sediments and rocks including undersea volcanoes, seabed movement, undersea earthquakes, etc.

Physical Oceanography: Studies water movement (waves, currents, tides, etc.)

Complete careers in oceanography poster project...Slide5

History of Oceanography

In class project... History of Seafaring People Keynote Options:PhoeniciansPolynesians

GreeksEgyptiansPortuguese and SpanishVikingsChinese Slide6

History of Oceanography

Rise of Seafaring: 5,000 BC to 800 AD5,000 BC Early civilizations interact with oceans to obtain food

early evidence from primitive fish hooks and spears4,000 BC Earliest reference to voyage on a ship is the story of Noah and the Ark...widely debated

rootsvt.comSlide7

History of Oceanography

EGYPTIANS-3,200 BC Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru brought 40 ships from Phoenicia to Egypt-2,750 BC First recorded sea voyage for explorations (recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphics)

-2,585-2,560 BC Egyptians built reed boat with oars and entombed the entire ship in the pyramid of Khufu

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/greatpyramid5.htmSlide8

History of Oceanography

POLYNESIANS

-2,000-500 BC Polynesians routinely crossed ocean over 1,000's of kilometers (1 mile=1609 m)in canoes made from tree trunks or planks that were sewn together with fiber rope and cracks sealed with tree sap

this is the earliest known regular long distance open ocean travel in over 1,000 years they settled Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Hawaii

used the north star and constellations to navigatesouthpacifichotels.travelSlide9

History of Oceanography

Polynesians were able to use:wind and cloud formation Color and clearness of the seaUsed cold and warm currents

Cold currents are sources of food _green, red or brown colorWarm currents are clear and blue..Sediments from rivers turn water brown and change the odorSlide10

History of Oceanography

Polynesians discovered Hawaii 1400 years ago.http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=polynesian+

http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=polynesian

+Slide11

History of OceanographySlide12

History of Oceanography

GREEKSWere the first to use mathematics to make sophisticated maps for seafaring

Knew the earth was a sphere NOT flatPytheas (about 400 BC)- Determined the Atlantic tides are based on the phases of the moon and used degrees north and south of the north star to navigateEratosthenes (264- 194 BC)- Calculated the Earth's circumference and invented the 1st longitude/latitude system

Ptoleny (150 AD) - Mapped a portion of the Earth as a sphere on flat paper and continued to improve longitude and latitude grids into degrees, min, sec of the arc... we are still using this today!Slide13

http://

app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=chronometer

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Longitude and Latitude System

Imaginary grid lines used to identify specific locations on Earth

Both longitude and latitude lines are numbered in degrees and are further subdivided into minutes and secondsKnowing longitude and latitude can pinpoint a location on Earth

Latitude is written first and then followed by longitude

mrmeiners.wordpress.comSlide15

Latitude

Latitude lines run east-westThey never intersect and are called parallels0o

parallel is the equator (the equator runs around the Earth at its widest point)Parallels above the equator are called north latitudesParallels below the equator are called south latitudesSlide16

Longitude

Longitude lines run north-southBegin at one pole and end at the otherSometimes called meridiansThe 0o

or Prime meridian runs through Greenwich, England Slide17

http://

app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=latitude+and+longitude

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Practice Using Longitude and Latitude

Pretend that you want to find the wreck of the

Titanic...It's coordinates are 49

o 56' 49'' W, 41o 43' 57''

Those coordinates mean that 49 degrees, 56 minutes, and 49 seconds west longitude and 41 degrees, 43 minutes, and 57 seconds north latitude. Those coordinates will put you directly on the Titanic...

worldatlas.comSlide19

Complete Longitude and Latitude Activity....

Practice Using Longitude and Latitude Slide20

History of Oceanography

The Middle Ages (800 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)Europe is in the “Dark Ages”Fall of the Roman Empire

People thought the Earth was flatExcept for Vikings there is little ocean explorationVikings travelled the oceans from 790 A.D. to 1100 A.D. when global warming freed the North Atlantic of ice.

Explored, raided, and established trade routes to Southern Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, Iceland, Greenland, and the AmericasLeif Eriksson landed in Newfoundland, CanadaSlide21

http://

app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=age+of+discovery

Age of Discovery-United StreamingSlide22

History of OceanographyThe Middle Ages (800 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)

China1000 A.D. Invention of the magnetic compassShips with central rudders and watertight compartments

computersmiths.comSlide23
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History of Oceanography

European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700)European Renaissance (rediscovery) sparks new interest in ocean exploration

1400’s Prince Henry of Portugal searched for a route to the East… didn’t make it but mapped out Western Africa in the process1487 Bartholomeu Dias completes first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope (tip of southern Africa)

1497 Vasco de Gama led the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to IndiaSlide25
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History of Oceanography

European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700)1492 Portuguese explorer Christopher Columbus set out to find a route to Asia and accidentally discovers the Americas

1454-1512 Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci voyaged to South America and is the first person to recognize the “New World” as a separate continent1500’s Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of the Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean on the other side and was the first European to sail into the Pacific

1519 Ferdinand Magellan led exploration to sail around the world (he died but the 18 men from his crew that survived finished the voyage)Slide28
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History of Oceanography

Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)Captain James Cook (England) receives credit for first sea expedition devoted to scientific oceanography

1735 – Harrison Invented chronometerMade it possible to determine longitude in open sea (latitude was already calculated with star sightings)

Chronometer: Clock or watch that is not affected by the waves or motion of the sea

1oclockgun.com

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History of Oceanography

Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)Wilkes Expedition (United States) is authorized by congress to explore the southern Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean

Travelled to Madeira, both coasts of South America, Tierra del Fuego, many South Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, California, Oregon, the Philipines, Singapore, and St. HelenaVisited and proved the existence of

AntaraticaAt their conclusion they had 19 volumes of maps, texts, and illustrations documenting their discoveries as well as many specimens of flora and faunaSlide34

Route of Wilke’s Expedition

clade.ansp.orgSlide35

History of Oceanography

Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)Father of Physical Oceanography- Mathew Maury

US Naval officer that discovered a world wide pattern of surface winds and currents1855 Published the first textbook on modern oceanography – The Physical Geography of the Sea

artworkoriginals.com

oceanmotion.orgSlide36

History of Oceanography

Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)

1831 Charles Darwin’s voyage on the H.M.S. BeaglePublished two important scientific documents:Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs

The Origin of a Species – Outlines his theory of natural selection and evolution

kobobooks.comSlide37

History of Oceanography

Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)The Challenger Expedition 1872Devoted entirely to marine science exploration

Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sedimentsSome of the many accomplishments of this mission include:First soundings deeper than 4,000 meters

Discovered marine organisms in the deepest part of the oceanIdentified 715 new genera and 4, 717 new species

*NASA named the second space shuttle in honor of this expeditionSlide38

Challenger Expedition

geology.uprm.eduSlide39

History of Oceanography

Tools of Oceanography—Woods Hole Interactive http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/tools/atlantis.html

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History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine ScienceMany changes including the industrial revolution occurred during this time some of the major advancements include:

Steam engines and iron ships (allow sailors to travel without being at the mercy of the wind and currents)Submarines (made possible by the inventions of the diesel engine, electric motor, and lead batteries)Science and technology feed each other as funding from countries and private industry increases

Technology needs for wars also increase technology and scienceSlide41
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History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science

Three “super” important expeditions:German Meteor -1925

Mapped the Atlantic sea floor using echo-sound technologyAtlantis – 1931 First ship specifically built and designed for ocean study

Confirmed existence of Mid-Atlantic RidgeChallenger II – 1951Found the deepest known part of the ocean located in the Marianas Trench (10,838 m or 35,558 ft)Slide43

As a result of advances in science and technology the 20th century brought about many important tools for studying oceanography (this list includes just a few):

-Submarines -Submersibles -Self-Contained Diving/Scuba - GPS -ROV’s -AUV’s -Satellites

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine ScienceSlide44

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

Until the 20th Century scientists studied the oceans from above until the invention of the submersibleThere are 3 Types of Submersibles:Bathysphere

BathyscapheDeep-diving submersibles

123rf.comSlide45

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

Bathysphere: (1930’s) Steel Ball with a window connected to the boat by an umbilical that provided communications and power

Limited because only operated vertically and was lowered and raised by a cable on ship

en.wikipedia.orgSlide46

Bathyscaphe

: Sphere attached to a large float instead of a cable and ship with a small electric motor (operates like a blimp)The float contains fluid that’s buoyant in water and a heavy ballast – by releasing fluid or some of the ballast the sphere could rise or descend

Limitations – difficult to operate and horizontal motion is limited

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

en.wikipedia.orgSlide47

Deep-diving Submersibles

: 2-3 person submersibles that that dive in moderate to deep depths with excellent horizontal maneuverabilityLess fragile that previous submersibles and easier to launch in rough seasLimitations – cannot travel as deep as bathyscapheSome are equipped with robotic arms to grasp samples or perform experiments outside of the sub

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science ToolsSlide48
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Self-Contained Diving:

First equipment had hard hat that was supplied air from the surface through a hose – this equipment was heavy and hard to maneuver Men of Honor ClipScuba: Lightweight self contained system for underwater exploration

1943 Jacques Cousteau developed scuba system that used compressed air and was relatively lightweight and simpleWithin 20 years, scuba was in use by the military, scientists, and for recreationHardsuits

: Wearable submersiblesProtect the diver from temperature and pressure and are far smaller and more mobile than conventional submersibles

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

en.wikipedia.org

webspace.webring.comSlide50

Comparing the use of Scuba and Submersibles in Oceanography

Advantages

DisadvantagesSubmersibles

Greater Depth &Duration

High CostLarge SizeLogistical ComplexityScuba

SimplicityPortabilityLow Cost

Limited DepthShort Duration

*Today many scientists use both submersibles and scubaSlide51
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Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV):

Small unmanned submarines with propellers, a video camera, and an umbilical to the surfaceOperated by remote controlCan have claws, robotic arms, and other toolsUsed to explore the wreck of the Titanic

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

sub-find.comSlide53

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV):

Untethered robotic devices that are controlled by onboard computers

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

ysi.comSlide54

Electronic Navigation:1960’s

LORAN-C location system was based on transmitted radio signals and was accurate within a few meters Limits - would only work where LORAN transmitters were located and became less accurate farther away from transmittersGlobal Positioning System (GPS)

– Uses satellites to determine and display location within three – six meters of accuracySatellites

: Objects that orbit the Earth and provide continuous measurements of sea-surface height, temperature, color, pollutions, etc

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

tf.nist.govSlide55

Mapping the Ocean Floor with Echo Sounding

To map the seafloor, scientists bounce a beam of sound waves off the ocean bottom. Research ships moving along the sea surface repeatedly “ping” the seafloor with sound to map a continuous line of seafloor elevations below. Multibeam

Bathymetry - The Successor to the Single-Beam Echo soundingBy sending out many beams of sound simultaneously, research vessels can collect data on a wide swath of the seafloor, rather than a single line. So they can map much larger areas during a single cruise

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools

http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/tools/sonar-multibeam.htmlSlide56

Sea-Net: A new communications system developed in 1995 to extend the Internet to ships at sea

Much more affordable than using satellites to relay information

History of Oceanography

Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools