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Typesetting CYRILLICNUMERALS withConTEXtMkIV AModule · а· · в· · г· · д· · е· · ѕ· · з· · и· · ѳ· · і· · аі· · ві· · гі· · ді· · еі· · ѕі· · зі· · иі· · ѳі· · к· ©2011–2013PhilippGesang,RadebeulThelatestVersioncanbefoundat h((opA//bM(b)jNk(.OPl/ohl/ .Mailbugsandfixesorcomplaintsandsuggestionsto megas.kapaneus@gmail.com . 1 CONTENT а INTRODUCTION .....................................2 в FUNCTIONALITY ....................................4 в. а Setup 4 в. в PredefinedCommands 8 в. г CommandDerivation 10 г USAGEANDPRECAUTIONS .........................11 г. а Counters 11 г. в FontIssues 12 LICENSE ...............................................13 REFERENCES ..........................................14 2 аINTRODUCTIONTheConTEXtformatcomeswithacollectionofconversionroutinesfordifferentnumbersystemsthatarespecifiedinthefilesjOPk-jO#.mNMvandjOPk-jO#.n)i.Cyrillicnumerals,however,arenotpartofthiscollection.TheaimofthemoduleathandistoprovidemeansofhandlingCyrillicnumbersandmakethemseamlesslyintegratewiththeexistinginterfacefornumberconversion.IfyouarefamiliarwithCyrillicnumbers,youmightchoosetoskiptherestofthissectionandinsteadcontinueinmediasreswiththedescriptiononthemodule’susageinthesectionon“ Functionality ”.�123456789 �·100авгдеѕзиѳ�·101іклмнѯопч�·102рстуфхѱѡцTable1NumbervaluesoftheCyrillicalpha-bet.TheCyrillicnumeralsystem,likethealphabetitisbasedon,orig-inatedfromtheGreeknumeralsandthuscontinuesmanyfeaturesofthelatter. 1 AswiththeRomannumbersystem,therearenodedicatedglyphsreservedfornumerals,insteadnumbersarerepre-sentedbystringsoflettersfromtheordinaryalphabet,organizedinapeculiarway.Bothsystemsalsohavethebase(10)incommon.How-ever,unliketheRomansys-temCyrillicnumbersarepo-sitional,meaningthatthenumericalvalueofadigitdependsonitslocationrelativetotheotherdigits.Thefirstninedigits,inascendingorder,are:“а”,“в”,“г”,“д”,“е”,“ѕ”,“з”,“и”,and“ѳ”.Asyoumighthavenoticed,thisseriesdoesnotcorrespondtothefirstnineglyphsoftheCyrillicalphabet(абвгдежѕз),butrathertotheorderoftheoriginalGreeklettersfromwhich 1 ThoroughexaminationsofhowCyrillicnumberswereusedinpraxiarehardtofind.Thebestthatthecoupleofbookshelfsdedicatedtogrammarinalocalde-partmentofSlavoniclanguageshastoofferappearstobe Žolobov(2002) .Anotherwork, Trunte(2005) ,althoughitfollowsalessdescriptivebutratherinstructionalapproach,deservesmentioningaswell. introduction3theywerederived(14γ79ϛζ61,withthecharacterϛatposition№2representing“stigma”).Theinheritedorderofnumericalvalueswaskept,essentiallytradingbackwardcompatibilityforsimplicity.Thetwoothersetsoflettersthatrepresentmultiplesoftenandhundredarelistedin Table1 .Thedigitsarewrittenindescendingorder,beginningwiththemostsignificantone.Thenumbersfrom11to19followadifferentrulefortheirordermimicksthespokenlanguage,whichmeansthatthelesssignificantdigitprecedesthemoresignificantone(аі,ві,гі,ді,еі,ѕі,зі,иі,ѳі).Therearenoglyphstorepresentzeros,sotheyaresimplyomitted.Forexample,intheCyrillicsystemthenumber42iswrittenasмв;thelackofadistinctzerosigncauses402tohavetwodigitsaswell,butthecharacterrepresentingthedigit4ischosenfromthehundredsset:ув.Therulessofardonotallowfornumbersabove999.Tocompensateforthelackofadditionalletters,greaternumbersarerepresentedbythesameglyphs(theirvaluebeingpaddedby1000).Therearetwowaystoavoidconfusion:Eachdigitmaybeprefixedwithaspecialcharacter,thethousandssign҂.Thatway,42isstillwrittenмв,but42000becomes҂м҂в,andtheirsum҂м҂вмв.Butifnumbersbecomebigger,thehighdigitscantakealternativeornateforms:р҈–insteadof҂р–for100000,andа҉for1000000.Inanenvironmentwherepunctuationwasatbestminimalandinterwordspacingaluxury,numbersofthiskindtendtobeconfusedwithtext.Therefore,aCyrillicnumbercanhaveadditionalmarkers.Dotsareusedasdelimitersbeforeandafteranumber:·мв·.Addi-tionally,anumbermaybeindicatedbythetitlo,whichmayspanitswholelengthorjustpartsofit: мв.TheCyrillicnumbermodulecombinesalltheabovementionedaspectsintoonehandycommandgenerator,relyingonLuafortheconversionroutineandMETA%OSTforthetitloplacement.Withalloptionsinoneplace,itistrivialtocreateandmaintaindifferentconversionsettingsfordifferentpurposes. 4 вFUNCTIONALITY в. аsetupThemoduleisinitializedasanyother:\)pkmOK)nk[jyPMnnMj#)mbkPpHOncethemodulecodeisloaded,thesetupcommandprovidesmeanstoconfigureallthefunctionalityitoffers. \pk()ojyP#)m[...HOptional1[..,.=.,..H21Identifier2jOmmi#K=\...#1KO(p=#Oykp KO(pymbOn=Textok#.MK(h=DimensionoPkLkPh)#KPkKN=#O ykp(M(nO=mo LO#((M(nOjOnOP=Identifier(M(nOnOji(MO#=mMKKnk LM#inLMPp((M(nOmOKk=Number(M(nOpoi#=Number KO(p Let’swalkthroughtheoptionsonebyone.AswashintedintheintroductionacommonpracticeistodelimitCyrillicnumberswithdots.DotplacementisenabledordisabledbysettingtheKO(pkeytoyesornorespectively.TheKO(pymbOnkeyallowstheusertosupplyadelimiterofEirownchoice;itdefaultstothecharacter“·”(unicode KO(pymbOn u+00b7).Ifafontdoesn’tcontainaglyphforthiscodepointorforwhateverreasonanothersymbolisrequired,thesolutionwilllooklikethis:\pk()ojyP#)m[KO(p=ykp,KO(pymbOn=\jKO(H.Theresultofthismodificationlooksasfollows:⋅мв⋅.Asthedotcanbeanarbitrarysymbol,itcouldbereplacedbytheasterisk:*мв*,or–evenweirder–thehashcharacter(“Gartenzaun”):#мв#. functionality5 Inordertonotatethesixthdecimaldigit(formultiplesofone oPkLkPh)#KPkKN hundredmillion)therearetwomutuallyexcludingoptions:eitherthehundredthousandssignorthethousandsprefixmaybeemployed.Thus,thesetupkeyoPkLkPh)#KPkKNdetermineswhichonewillbechosen.Ifsettoyes,thenit’sgoingtobethehoundredthousandssign,elsetheregularthousandssign:ц҈=҂с+҂ѱ.(Asisobviousfromthisexample,thevisualqualityofthehoundredthousandssign,whichisaseparateglyph,dependsonthefontused.)NoteveryfontcontainsproperglyphsfortheentireCyrillicuni-coderange,infacteverydedicatedfontforasingleCyrillicalphabet–contemporaryRussian,say–mightnotcontainallthecharacters jOmmi#K neededtorepresenteveryCyrillicnumeral.Thisistheresultofthehis-toricaldevelopmenttherespectivescriptswentthrough.Thisprocessusuallyleadtotheeliminationofseveralglyphsatdifferentstagesofthedevelopment.ForexampletheRussianalphabetexperiencedonesignificantreductionoflettersatthehandofemperorPeterI 2 andanotherlaterin1917asaconsequenceof–notonly–therevolution. 3 Thus,chancesarethatinordertorepresentCyrillicnumbers,whichrelyonasupersetofthemodernRussianalphabet,anotherfontneedstobechosen. 4 TheCyrillicNumbersmoduleprovidesahookforthiskindofcustomization:youmaydefineyourownfontswitchingmacroandassignittothejOmmi#Kkeyofthesetup.SupposeyoudecidetotypesetyournumbersusingtheParatypeSeriffont. 5 %%%1.,OiK(hkmOK)nki#K(hkLO#(.\)pkmOK)nk[jyPMnnMj#)mbkPpH\)pk(yokpjPMo(LMnk[(yok-oiPi(yok.mNMvH%%%2.DkLM#k(hkLO#(i#KijOmmi#K(hi(p.M(jhkp(OM(.\KkLM#k(yokLijk[#)mbkPLO#(H[PmH[pkPMLH[oiPi(yokH[KkLi)n(H[H 2 Foranoverviewcf. http://www.paratype.ru/e-zine/issue04/peter1/peter1a.htm orjustgoogle“гражданскийшрифт”. 3 Cf. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/___1918_ . 4 Fontfallbacksareanotheroptionifthesubstitutesmatchthemainfonttypograph-ically;see Hagen/Hoekwater(2011) ,pp.97–99. 5 AtypescriptcanbefoundontheConTEXtmailinglist: h((oA//iPjhMvk.jO#(k+(liPKk#.#k(/mkppilk/20110105.204326.K0228ji7.k#.h(mn .KeepinmindthatParaTypeSerifitselfisnotaparticularlysuitablenumberfontasitdoesnotcontainallrequiredglyphs. 6functionality мв мв мв мв мв мв мв мв мвFigure1Titloasamatteroftaste.\)#k+oi#KkK\KkLM#k[1H\#)mbkPjOmmi#K?%\bklM#lPO)o\ni#l)ilk[P)H%\pk()obOKyLO#([#)mbkPLO#(H%#1%\k#KlPO)o%}%%%3.HOON(hkjOmmi#KM#(OO)PjO#vkP(kP.\pk()ojyP#)m[KO(p=ykp,jOmmi#K=\#)mbkPjOmmi#KH%%%4.Fpkip#kkKkK.\p(iP((k+(dOPmin(k+(\jyP#)m?42}\KO(p\p(Oo(k+(%%%5.????%%%6.EPOLM(!!!!!Naturally,thejOmmi#Kmaydoanythingthatfitsinsideaone-ar-gumentmacro,fromcoloring( ·· )tocasemanipulation(МВ).Thekey(M(nOcontrolstheplacementand,ifapplicable,placement (M(nO methodofthe titlo.Thetwovalidmethodidentifiersarempandfont,everythingelsewillbeinterpretedasno,e.g.thetitlowillbeomitted.Thelattermethod,font,takesthetitloglyphassuppliedbythefontfile(codepointU+483).Themaindrawbackofthissolutionisthattomyknowledgethefonttitlaaredesignedtospanasinglecharacteronly.Asthetitlobelongstotheclassofcombiningcharacters,inthestreamofunicodeglyphsitwillbeappendedtothecharacterabovewhichitisplaced.Thus,multi-digitCyrillicnumbers(i.e.essentiallyanynumberwithtwoormorenon-zerodigits)won’tberepresentedinanoptimalway:мв҃.Thereisafurtheroption,(M(nOnOji(MO#,which (M(nOnOji(MO# controlstheplacementofafontspecifictitlo.Thethreepossiblevaluesspecifyapositionfirst:҂д҃смв,middle:҂дсм҃в,andfinal:҂дсмв҃.(Forevencharactercounts,themiddleargumentwillpickoneplacetotherightoftheexactmiddle.) functionality7 (M(nOpoi#result1҂у҂к҂дсм в2҂у҂к҂дс мв3҂у҂к҂д смв4҂у҂к ҂дсмв5҂у ҂к҂дсмв2 ҂у҂к҂дсмвFigure2Differenttitlospans.AnalternativetothefonttitloisprovidedbythempvariantwhichusesMETA%OSTtoactuallydrawatitloabovethestringofdig-its.Notonlydoesthistitlocovertheentirenumeral,italsocomesinavarietyofdrawingroutines.Atthemomentthereareninemoreorlessdifferenttitlayoumaychoosefromasdemonstratedin figure1 .Thesecanbeen-abledonviathe(M(nOmOKkkey.(Observantuserswillhaverecognizedmode8astheoldRubl’sign: мв. 2 )Therangeofdigitstobecoveredbythetitlocanbecustomizedbypassingtheparameter(M(nOpoi#aninteger.Thedefaultvalueof3resultsinthetitlospanningatmaximumtheleastsignificantthree (M(nOmOKk,(M(nOpoi# digits,becausethesewillnotbeprefixedbyathousandssign.Iftheuserwantsthenumeraltobecoveredasawhole,Ecansimplypassthevalueall.Bewarethatthedimensionsofthetitloareproportionaltothewidthofthenumeral.Therefore,sufficientlywide(intermsofnon-zerodigits)numberswillcausethetitlotoshrinkhorizontallyasseenin figure2 .E.g.forthesingledigitnumber аthetitloevenexceedsthecharacteritsitson,whileitdoesnotentirelycoverthefivedigitsplustwothousandsignsof ҂н҂дтка.Whenusingthemptitlothecolorofthiselementcanbechosenseparatelybypassingavalid (M(nOjOnOP coloridentifiertothe(M(nOjOnOPkey.Thefollowingexamplecodedemonstratesthecolorizationanddrawingfacilities.\)pkmOK)nk[jyPMnnMj#)mbkPpH\pk()obOKyLO#([jOmo)(kP-mOKkP#-)#MjOKkH\pk()ojyP#)m[(M(nO=mo,(M(nOjOnOP=bn)k,(M(nOpoi#=inn,(M(nOmOKk=7,H\p(iP((k+(\p(iP(nM#kp 2 Cf. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/##.D0.92_.D0.98.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.B9_.D0.A0.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B8 . 8functionality \jyP#)m?42}\jyP#)m[(M(nOjOnOP=PkK,(M(nOmOKk=9H?141213}\jyP#)m[(M(nOjOnOP=lPkk#,(M(nOmOKk=2H?271828}\jyP#)m[(M(nOjOnOP=jyi#,(M(nOmOKk=4H?314159}\p(OonM#kp\p(Oo(k+( ok#.MK(h TheMETA%OSTmethodalsocomeswithakeyok#.MK(h,whichratherobviouslydeterminesthewidthofthepenthatisusedwhendrawingatitlo.Findingtheoptimalwidthcaninvolvealotoftestingontheuser’sside;asarule,thegreaterthefontsize,thewiderthepenshouldbe.Referto table1 forademonstrationofdifferentvaluesforthisparameter.10.200pt· ·42012.200pt· ·20.800pt· ·42022.800pt· ·31.000pt· ·42033.000pt· ·41.200pt· ·42043.200pt· ·51.400pt· ·42053.400pt· ·21.200pt· ·42023.200pt· ·71.800pt· ·42073.800pt· ·82.000pt· ·42084.000pt· ·92.200pt· ·42094.200pt· ·102.400pt· ·42104.400pt· ·Table1Comparisonofdifferentvaluesfortheparameterok#.MK(h. в. вpredefinedcommandsOncethemoduleisloaded,thecommands\jyP#)mand\jyP#)mKPi.(M(nOwillhavebeenpredefined. \cyrnum[..,.=.,..HOptional1?...}21inheritsfrom\pk()ojyP#)m2Content functionality9 \jyP#)misthedefaultCyrillicnumbermacro.Itisfullyfunctional,meaningthatbesidesconvertinganonnegativeintegerintoaCyril-licnumeral,ittakesakey-valuesetofoptionsasanoptionalfirstargument.\)pkmOK)nk[jyPMnnMj#)mbkPpH\p(iP((k+(\jyP#)m?1}\jyP#)m[(M(nO=mo,(M(nOmOKk=4H?42}\jyP#)m?15}\p(Oo(k+(Anyoftheabovementionedsettingscanbespecifiedinthefirstargument.AscustomarywithConTEXtmacros,theseadditionalsettingsarelocaltooneinstance.Furthercallstothemacrowon’tbeaffected,unlesstheyareexplicitlyappliedvia\pk()ojyP#)m,Theuseoftitlaisnotrestrictedtoindicatingnumerals.Inad-ditionitisoftenemployedasakindofemphasisinhandwrittentextwhereitisnoteasytoachievevisualdistinctionbyfontswitching.Also,thetitloservesasadefaultmarkerforabbreviationsasinблагодѣть→ блгодѣть. \cyrnumdrawtitlo?...}**ContentThisiswherethemacro\jyP#)mKPi.(M(nOcomesintoplay.Forinstance,designationsofthingsconsidered“sacred”arehighlightedbydefaultinsometexts.Becausetheyappearveryfrequently,theywereshortenedaswell,likeгосподь→ гь. 7 господь->\jyP#)mKPi.(M(nO?гь} 7 Examplestakenfrom http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Titlo?uselang=uk . 10functionality благодѣть->\jyP#)mKPi.(M(nO?блг}одѣть в. гcommandderivationThereisnoneedtoreconfigurethe\jyP#)mmacrowheneveryouintendtodeviatefromthepresets.Instead,specialpurposecommandscanbedefinedvia\KkLM#kjyP#)m. \KkLM#kjyP#)m[...H1[..,.=.,..HOptional21Identifier2inheritsfrom\pk()ojyP#)mAlltheoptionsthatcanbepassedto\KkLM#kjyP#)marealsovalidforderivedmacros;theyinheritthesetupsofthemacrostheyarederivedfrom.Afullexampletoplaywithisgiveninbelowlisting:\)pkmOK)nk[jyPMnnMj#)mbkPpH\pk()obOKyLO#([jOmo)(kP-mOKkP#-)#MjOKkH\KkLM#kjyP#)m[my#)mO#kH[(M(nO=#O,KO(p=#OH\KkLM#kjyP#)m[my#)m(.OH[my#)mO#kH\pk()ojyP#)m[my#)m(.OH[(M(nO=mo,(M(nOmOKk=2,(M(nOjOnOP=PkKH\KkLM#kjyP#)m[my#)m(hPkkH[my#)m(.OH\pk()ojyP#)m[my#)m(hPkkH[(M(nOmOKk=4,KO(p=ykpH\p(iP((k+(\my#)mO#k?42}\my#)m(.O?42}\my#)m(hPkk?42}\p(Oo(k+(\k#KM#o)(Whichresultsin: · ·. 11 гUSAGEANDPRECAUTIONS г. аcountersThemacroscreatedby\KkLM#kjyP#)maregenericconversioncom-mands.Assuch,theycanbehookedintoanyfunctionalitythatoutputsintegersofsomesort:documentstructureelements,pagenum-bers&c.InordertohaveConTEXtrecognizeyourpersonalCyrillicnumbermacroasaconverteryouneedthemacro\KkLM#kjO#vkPpMO#.\)pkmOK)nk[jyPMnnMj#)mbkPpH\pk()obOKyLO#([jOmo)(kP-mOKkP#-)#MjOKkH%%%1.DkLM#ki#)mbkPjO#vkP(kP.\KkLM#kjyP#)m[#ki(pkj(MO#pH[KO(p=ykp,(M(nO=mo,(M(nOmOKk=7,H%%%2.RklMp(kP(hkjO#vkP(kP.\KkLM#kjO#vkPpMO#[my-pkj(MO#-jO#vkPpMO#H[\#ki(pkj(MO#pH%%%3.C#pkP(M(M#(Oip(P)j()Pkpk(.\KkLM#kp(P)j()PkjO#vkPpMO#pk([my-pkj(MO#-pk(H[#)mbkPp,my-pkj(MO#-jO#vkPpMO#H[my-pkj(MO#-jO#vkPpMO#H%%%4.Fpk(hkpk(M#yO)Pjhio(kPjOmmi#K.\KkLM#khkiK[myjhio(kPH[jhio(kPH\pk()ohkiK[myjhio(kPH[pkj(MO#jO#vkPpMO#pk(=my-pkj(MO#-pk(,oilk=#O,H\p(iP((k+(\KOPkj)Ppk?10}?%\p(iP(myjhio(kP[(M(nk=LOOH\M#o)(N#)(h\p(Oomyjhio(kP} 12usageandprecautions \p(Oo(k+(\k#KM#o)( г. вfontissuesAlthoughnottheentireCyrillicalphabetisneededtorepresentthenumerals,theyinvolvecertaincharacterswhichareuncommonincontemporarylanguages.ThereforetheyareusuallyomittedinCyrillicfonts,whichleadstotheproblemoffindinganadequatefont.AmatchingsupersetofKnuth’stypefaceisComputerModernUnicodewhichispartofTEXLiveandpackagedformanydistributions. 8 CMUisSIL-OpenFontlicensed;ithasbeenusedinsomeoftheaboveexamples.TherearealternativesofferingglyphshapesthatresemblethehandwrittenscriptofOldSlavoniccodices.OneofthemisthebeautifulBukyVedewhichhasbeenusedasthemainCyrillicfontthroughoutthetext.ItwascreatedbytheCodexprojectoftheBambergUniversity 9 butunfortunatelythelicensingtermsareimprecise(non-free).ItsauthorsofferanotherfontmatchingthepopularTimestypefaceunderayetmorerestrictivelicense. 10 8 Home: http://cm-unicode.sourceforge.net/ ;TEXLive: http://tug.org/svn/texlive/trunk/Master/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/cm-unicode/ ;Arch: http://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=44029 ;Debian: http://packages.debian.org/wheezy/fonts-cmu . 9 Home: http://kodeks.uni-bamberg.de/aksl/Schrift/BukyVede.htm . 10 Home: http://kodeks.uni-bamberg.de/aksl/Schrift/RomanCyrillicStd.htm . LICENSECopyright2011–2013PhilippGesang.Allrightsreserved.Redistributionanduseinsourceandbinaryforms,withorwithoutmodification,arepermittedprovidedthatthefollowingconditionsaremet:1.Redistributionsofsourcecodemustretaintheabovecopyrightnotice,thislistofconditionsandthefollowingdisclaimer.2.Redistributionsinbinaryformmustreproducetheabovecopy-rightnotice,thislistofconditionsandthefollowingdisclaimerinthedocumentationand/orothermaterialsprovidedwiththedistribution.thissoftwareisprovidedbythecopyrightholder“asis”andanyexpressorimpliedwarranties,including,butnotlimitedto,theimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityandfitnessforaparticularpurposearedisclaimed.innoeventshallthecopyrightholderorcontributorsbeliableforanydirect,indirect,incidental,special,exemplary,orconsequentialdamages(including,butnotlimitedto,procurementofsubstitutegoodsorservices;lossofuse,data,orprofits;orbusinessinterruption)howevercausedandonanytheoryofliability,whetherincontract,strictliability,ortort(includingnegligenceorotherwise)arisinginanywayoutoftheuseofthissoftware,evenifadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamage. REFERENCES1HAGEN,HansandTacoHOEKWATER.2011.FontsinConTEXt.Hasselt2TRUNTE,NikolaosH.2005.Altkirchenslavisch.InСловѣньскъиѩ’ъікъ.EinpraktischesLehrbuchdesKirchenslavischenin30Lektionen.ZugleicheineEin-führungindieslavischePhilologie.3ŽOLOBOV,O.F.2002.Čislitelnye.InIORDANIDI,S.I.andV.B.KRYSKO,editors,Istoričeskaâgrammatikadrevnerusskogoâzyka,pages58–23.