INSTRUCTOR – DR MANOJ KUMAR SINGH - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

INSTRUCTOR – DR MANOJ KUMAR SINGH

VETERINARY ANATOMY

UNIT 5,

STUDY OF BONES OF ABDOMEN OF OX AND DIFFRENCES IN HORSE, DOG, PIG AND FOWL

ox

The lumbar vertebrae are six in number and are characterized by greatly

elongated transverse processes

and

strongly curved articular processes.

Body

The body is constricted in the middle, expanded at the extremities and much compressed from above downwards.

The

anterior extremity is less convex and the posterior less concave

The arches of the first three are about equal in size and similar to the last dorsal but behind, they gradually increase in breadth and height

.

The posterior notches are much deeper

.

The intervertebral foramina are often double in the anterior and are

very-large further back.

Processes

The articular processes are large.

They are placed a little further apart and are strongly curved.

The anterior articular processes are concave, directed medially and show the mammillary processes on their lateral aspect.

The posterior articular processes are convex, directed outwards and project from the arch at the base of the superior spine.

The transverse processes are elongated plates flattened from above downwards and project outwards at right angles to the body

.

The processes are all directed forwards. They are shortest in the first and the length gradually increases to the fifth and in the sixth they are shorter than those of the fifth. The inter-transverse spaces on either side are filled up by the inter

transversales

lumborum

muscles in life

.

The spines are broad flattened plates, resemble the last thoracic and are of the same height as the last dorsal. That of the last is the narrowest of all.

Horse

They

are six in number.

The bodies are shorter.

The first three have a distinct ventral spine, which subsides thereafter.

The transverse process increases in length from the first to third or fourth and then diminishes

.

The first one or two slightly curve backwards and the last two or three curve forward and the third is at right angles

The posterior border of the transverse processes of the fifth at its

medial part has

an oval concave facet, which articulates with a convex facet on the anterior border of the sixth transverse process. Sometimes the fifth has small facet for the fourth also.

.

The sixth transverse processes are thick

at

the base and thin and narrow

elsewhere

and curve forwards. It articulates by a

large

concave facet on its posterior

border

with corresponding facet of the

sacrum

.

Pig

Six or seven in number

.

The bodies are longer and bear a ventral crest

.

The arches are deeply notched and are separated by an increasing space dorsally

.

The

mamillary

process project outward and backward.

Transverse processes will not articulate with each other or with

sacrum

.

The posterior edge of the root of the transverse process is marked by a notch in the anterior series and a foramen in the posterior part.

The dorsal spines are broad and incline forward except the last, which is narrow and vertical.

Dog

They are seven in number

.

Their bodies increase in width from first to last.

The transverse processes are plate-like and are directed forward and downward.

They

do not form any joints with each other or with

sacrum

as in the horse.

Accessory and

mamillary

processes are present.

Spinous

processes incline a little forward.

Fowl

The

lumbar and

sacrum

are fused and called as

lumbosacrals

mass or

synsacrum

.

They are fourteen in number and these with the seventh dorsal and the first coccygeal-altogether 16 -are fused into one mass called

synsacrum

. This forms a rhomboid mass included between the two pelvic bones.

The spines form a crest in the anterior third but absent posteriorly

.

The transverse ridges on the ventral face indicate the positions of the transverse processes

.

The extremities of all the transverse processes fuse with the medial border of the ilium.

THANKS