LATIN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

LATIN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY

General

remarks

Slide2

Clinical

terminology

is

a

terminological

complex

of

medico-biological

branches

including

problems

related

to

a

sick

organism

.

the

clinic

of

the

disease

,

i.e

.

its

symptoms

and

manifestations

,

the

disturbances

of

physiological

functions

,

the

structural

alterations

of

the

organs

and

tissues

,

treatment

,

prophylaxis

.

These

names

signify

the

huge

amount

of

:

different

diseases

pathological

conditions

and

abnormalities

medical

examinations

operations

.

This

terminology

also

includes

a

great

amount

of

paramedical

vocabulary

.

Slide3

About

50 %

English

medical

terms

is

of

Greek

origin

The

word

clinical

itself

is

of

Greek

origin

(

klinike

means

bed

)

O

utstanding

role

of

Greek

physicians

in

both

theoretical

and

practical

medicine

.

Thanks

to

Greek

physicians

many

diseases

got

their

names

and

via

Latin

became

part

of

European

medical

languages

.

Slide4

The

Greeks

were

the

founders

of

rational

medicine

in

the

golden

age

of

Greek

civilization

in

the

5th

century

B.C.

The

Hippocratic

School

and

,

later

on

,

Galen

(

the

Greek

from

Asia

Minor

who

lived

in

Rome

in

the

2nd

century

A.D.)

formulated

the

theories

which

dominated

medicine

up

to

the

beginning

of

the

18th

Century

.

The

Hippocratics

were

the

first

to

describe

diseases

based

on

observation

,

and

the

names

given

by

them

to

many

conditions

are

still

used

today

,

for

example

,

arthritis

,

nephritis

,

pleuritis

(

pleurisy

)

.

T

he

Greek

language

lends

itself

easily

to

the

building

of

compounds

.

When

new

terms

were

needed

,

Greek

words

or

Latin

words

with

Greek

endings

were

used

(

it

is

impossible

to

distinguish

the

two

by

their

forms

:

appendicitis

,

creatinine

,

cystoscope

,

epinephrine

,

streptococcus

)

.

The

fact

is

that

about

onehalf

of

our

medical

terminology

is

less

than

a

century

old

.

The

third

reason

for

using

the

classical

roots

is

that

they

form

an

international

language

,

easily

understood

by

anyone

familiar

with

the

subject

matter

.

Slide5

New

clinical

names

coming

into

use

were

built

,

as

a

rule

,

on

the

base

of

Greek

vocabulary

and

Greek

morphological

elements

.

The

grammar

form

of

new

clinical

terms

corresponds

to

the

norms

of

Latin

or

other

European

languages

.

This

historical

tradition

,

in

particular

,

is

strictly

followed

in

English

.

For

example

:

Latin

English

Meaning

adenītis

adenitis

inflammation

of

a

gland

cardiopathia

cardiopathy

disease

of

the

heart

osteōma

osteoma

tumour

of

bone

tissue

C

linical

terms

composed

on

the

base

of

Greek

morphological

elements

have

a

very

important

advantage

:

they

are

short

,

but

may

stand

in

for

a

large

clinical

definition

.

Slide6

The

morphological

structure

of

one-word

clinical

terms

Slide7

Prefix

Prefix

.

A prefix

is a short word part added before a word or word root to modify its meaning.

prefix

uni

- “one”

unilateral

“

affecting or involving one side”

lateral “side”

prefix contra- “against or opposite”

contralateral “which refers to an opposite side”

prefix equi- “equal”

equilateral “having equal sides”

Slide8

Prefixes can denote or indicate

position

, location (upper, lower, in front of etc.)

(

abscessus

retro

peritonealis

);

direction of an action (forwards, backwards, through) (transfusio)time, period of time (before, after) (arthritis

posttraumatica);quantity, number (a lot of, few) (polyarthritis);degree of quality,

status (hyperfunctio );absence or negation of mentioned in the stem (impotentia)

.

Slide9

Word

root

/

combining

form

/

root

terminological element:

is that part which contains the

essential meaning of the word, any prefix

or suffix added to the root will only

function to add to the specificity

of that word.Usually indicates

a body part, such as cardi/o

for heartgastr/o for

stomach, neur/o for nerve

. Medical terms always

consist of at least one

root, although they may contain

more. Word root / combining

form

/

root

terminological

element

Slide10

Initial

root

elements

are

combined in a

one-word term with the final roots

via the connecting vowel -o- or with

the final suffixes.Final root

elements are the most frequently used.

Using one final TE one can create a lot of terms of the same type, by the same model:myalgia arthralgia

podalgia neuralgiaodontalgia

Slide11

Final

root

elements

Final

root

elements

can be part of an adjective too

, e. g.: -gĕnus, a, um in the term

biogĕnus, a, um – biogenic (caused by a vital organism

). Some roots may be both

initial and final

odont--odontia

odontolĭthus, i m odontolith, calculus on

the teeth

orthodontia, ae f

orthodontics

, the part of dental

surgery which is concerned with

the

prevention

and

correction

of

the

malocclusion

of

teeth

Slide12

Suffix /

final

terminological

element

Suffix

/

final terminological element:

Appears at the end of a medical

term. Usually indicates a condition, procedure, disorder,

or disease.

Slide13

One

should

also

remember

that the final root

or suffixed word building element is

the first in the making up the literal

translation of the term:

One-word clinical terms

nephrographia,

ae f

the initial root nephr- (kidney)

the

final root -graphia (X-ray examination

)

the literal translation is “X-ray examination of the kidneys”, nephrography

myōma, ătis n

the

initial

root

my

- (

muscle

)

the

final

root

-

oma

(

tumour

)

the

literal

translation is “tumour of muscular tissue, myoma”

Slide14

One-word

clinical

terms

1)

simple

,

containing

only one stem;

2) compound, consisting of two or

more morphological elements.

Slide15

One-word

clinical

terms

:

1) SIMPLE, CONTAINING ONLY ONE

STEM

1.1

. A ROOT

AND AN ENDING.asthma, ătis n – asthmacancer

, cri m – cancerherpes, ĕtis m –

herpesulcus, ĕris n – ulcer.These

noun-terms are mostly used in

combination with adjectives or nouns:asthma

bronchiale — bronchial asthma;ulcus gastris — ulcer

of the stomach.

Slide16

1.

2

.

A

ROOT AND A SUFFIX (

suffixed

ending

): chondrōma,

ătis n – chondroma (tumour of cartilaginous tissue): a) the root chondr- “cartilage”;

b) the suffix -ōma “tumour”.carcinoma, atis n – cancer, malignant

tumourmorbilli, orum m – measlesrubeola, ae f – rubella, german measles, epidemic roseolagastritis

, itidis f – gastritis гастрит

One-word clinical terms:1) SIMPLE, CONTAINING ONLY ONE STEM

Slide17

1.

3

. A PREFIX AND A ROOT

:

Hyperfunctio

,

onis

f

Dysfunctio

, onis fOne-word clinical

terms:1) SIMPLE, CONTAINING ONLY ONE STEM

Slide18

1.

4

. A PREFIX, A ROOT, A SUFFIX AND AN

ENDING

parametrītis

,

ĭdis

f –

parametritis

(tissue inflammation near uterus).the prefix para- “near”; the root

metr- “uterus”; the suffix -ītis (combination of suffix -it- and ending -is) “

inflammation”atrichia, ae f – atrichia (lack of hair)the prefix a- “absence

, lack, cessation of a function”;the root trich- “hair”;

the ending –iaendometritis, idis f – intrauterine

inflammationthe prefix endo “inside”;the root metr -“uterus”;

the suffix -ītis (combination of suffix -it- and ending -is) “inflammation” One-word

clinical terms:1) SIMPLE, CONTAINING ONLY ONE STEM

Slide19

If

there

are

two

or

more stems,

the word is called compound. Composition

is the most productive way of

forming terms of Greek-Latin origin.Many

components of compound terms are

not used in modern terminology separately.

They are used only as terminological

elements in the derived words: -

kardia (tachycardia). There

are also TE which can be

used as independent words.

They are called free terminological

elements:sclerosis cardiosclerosis

stasis

haemostasis

One-word

clinical

terms

:

2) COMPOUND, CONSISTING OF TWO OR MORE

ROOTS

Slide20

Linking

/

Combining

/

Connective

Vowels or

interfixThe two or

several stems may be combined in

one word with the help of connective

vowel or interfix, which serve

to make a term easier to pronounce

. The most frequent interfix in the

medical terminology is -o, more

rarely -i. The

first components of composition are

indicated in the dictionaries

with the interfix: thorac/

o, spondylo-. Combining

vowels

are

often

used

between

roots

and

suffixes

or

roots

and

other roots, but they are NOT used between prefixes and

roots.

Slide21

Linking

/

Combining

/

Connective

Vowels or

interfixhypermetropia, ae f –

hypermetropia (long-sightedness):the prefix hyper

- (excess function); the root -metr- (

dimension); the final root

-opia (sight).rhinopathia, ae f –

rhinopathy (disease of the nose) :

the root rhin- (nose);

the connecting vowel -o-

; the root path

ia (disease);otorhinolaryngolŏgus, i m –

otorhinolaryngologist (the doctor for

treating ear, nose and larynx

diseases

):

the

root

ot

- (

ear

);

the

root

rhin

-

(

nose

);

the

root laryng- (larynx); the

final root -logus (specialist in a medical region).

Slide22

There

are

connections

without

interfix, they are

met in terms the first

component of which ends in the vowel

or the second one begins with

the vowel: brady — (

Gr. bradys — slow) brady-cardia

brachy — (Gr. brachys — short)

brachy-dactylia. Notice that there

are vowels between the

three roots. pelvimetria, ae f

– pelvimetry ( measuring of

pelvis dimension in women);tachycardia

, ae f – tachycardia (abnormally

fast

heart

rate

).

haemat

+

uria

→

haematuria

,

ae

f

–

hematuria

(

blood

in the urine);odont + algia → odontalgia, ae f –

odontalgia (toothache, feeling of pain in the tooth).

Linking / Combining / Connective Vowels or interfix

Slide23

NB

!!!

Some

exceptions

to

this rule

are nevertheless found: the

roots broncho- and bronchi- never lose

their final vowels: bronchiectasia, ae f (= bronchoectasia)

– bronchiectasis (expansion of the

bronchi);bronchoadenitis, itĭdis f – bronchoadenitis (inflammation

of lymphatic glands). The root

bi- is always used with

the connecting -o-: biocycle, biology,

microbiology, biopharmaceutics.

Linking / Combining / Connective

Vowels or interfix

Slide24

YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF A TERM IF YOU KNOW THE MEANINGS OF ALL COMBINING FORMS INCLUDED IN THIS TERM – PREFIX, ROOT, SUFFIX.

When

you

look

at

a medical

term and attempt to decipher its

meaning you begin with the suffix, move to

the prefix (if present) and then the

root word:pericarditis:

identify itis (meaning inflammation)then

peri (meaning around) and then

card (meaning heart). Therefore, this

word means inflammation around the

heart.Leukocytopenia:

penia (meaning decrease),

then leuk/o (meaning white)

and finally cyt/o (meaning cell).

Therefore

,

this

word

means

a

decrease

in

white

cells

.

TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF THE TERM IT’S NOT ENOUGH TO SUM UP THE MEANINGS OF ALL THE COMPONENTS.

Slide25

BASIC

RULES

1

. A

WORD ROOT

PROVIDES THE BASIC MEANING OF THE TERM.

H

epat

-

means liver in the

term hepatitis (inflammation of the

liver)  2. A PREFIX APPEARS BEFORE THE WORD ROOT TO CHANGE THE MEANING. Adding of

prefix hypo- to the

term dermic changes the meaning

from pertaining to the skin to

pertaining to below the

skin  3. A SUFFIX

APPEARS AT THE END OF THE WORD. In the term

hepatitis suffix -itis

which means inflammation is

added to the root hepat

-

.

Slide26

BASIC

RULES

4

. A

COMBINING VOWEL

CONNECTS WORD ROOTS.

Laryng

o

scope

– o connects two roots:

laryng- and -scope in the

word meaning instrument for visual examination

of the larynx (voice

box)  5. A COMBINING FORM CONSISTS OF A WORD ROOT AND A COMBINING VOWEL. hepat + o = hepato (a

combining form meaning liver)  

6. A COMBINING VOWEL IS NOT USED BEFORE SUFFIXES AND ROOTS BEGINNING WITH A VOWEL, BUT IS USED BETWEEN TWO ROOTS IN A COMPOUND WORD.  7. THE MEANING OF A MEDICAL TERM CAN BE DETERMINED BY STARTING WITH THE SUFFIX AND MOVING BACK TO THE BEGINNING OF THE WORD;

hepatitis means inflammation (

-itis) of the liver

(hepat-)

Slide27

Variability

of

the

producing

stem

Initial

roots can have two or more

variants: ger-, geront- (old

men or old age); haem-

, haemat- (blood).The

base of Gen. Case is a producing stem

of the Latin words:

cortic-o-visceralispan-

, pant —pan-demia, pant-o-

phobia.

Slide28

Word

stressing

in

clinical

names

In

the compound nouns with the

ending -ia the last but one

vowel «i» is, as a rule, stressed contrary

to the rule «vowel before

vowel is short»: atrichia

bronchiectasiahaematuria

hypermetropiaodontalgia

rhinopathiaThe noun

anatómia (anatomy) and nouns

with the final element

-logia keep the third

syllable from the end stressed

:

cardiologia

(

cardiology

)

stomatologia

(

stomatology

).

Slide29

Multiword

clinical

terms

Slide30

Multiword

clinical

terms

denote

different

deseases

, pathological states and operative methods of

treatment;

consist of two, three and more words;are formed by nouns and adjectives in Nominativus and Genetivus Singularis or

Pluralis; as a rule they are Latin;The noun containing the cardinal information of the term is placed first, and then one or two nouns or one or two adjectives follow; the second and third nouns indicate the localization of the diseased organ or tissue

; adjectives give qualitative and quantitative characteristics of

the morbid condition.

Slide31

Structure of multiword

clinical terms

1

)

noun in the Nom. case + noun in the Gen. case:

fractūra

costae

cancer

ventriculitumor caeci

infarctus cerĕbri

Slide32

Structure of multiword

clinical terms

2

)

noun in the Nom. case + adjective

(you

should remember about agreement of adjective with a noun in gender, case and number):

tumor

benignus

stomatītis aphthōsa

chronĭca tumor malignus myelopathia spondylogena

asthma bronchiale typhus abdominalis

Slide33

Structure of multiword

clinical terms

3

)

noun in the Nom. case

+

noun in the Gen. case

+

adjective in

Nom. (Gen.)fractūra membri

inferiōris fractūra crū

ris oblīquafractura colli femoris

vulnus brachii laceratumsclerosis endocardii

diffusa oedemata membrorum inferiorum

Slide34

PREFIXES

Slide35

PECULIARITIES OF USAGE AND TRANSLATION OF PREFIXED

TERMS

1.

Latin

prefixes are usually added to a Latin root, and Greek prefixes are added to a Greek

root

:

hypo

glossus

, a, um sublingualis,

ehemiplegia, ae f semicanalis, e

NB!!! There are exceptions (hybrids): retropharyngeus, a ,

um (Latin prefix – Greek root); epiduralis

, e (Greek prefix – Latin root)

Slide36

PECULIARITIES OF USAGE AND TRANSLATION OF PREFIXED

TERMS

2

.

In clinical terminology

Greek prefixes are used mostly with the nouns

,

Latin

–

with the adjectives. 3. Prefixes may have synonyms (

with the same meaning) and antonyms (with contrasting meaning). ✓ Anti-

and contra- mean against.✓ Dys- and

mal- mean bad or painful

.✓ Hyper-, supra-, and epi-

all mean above.✓ Hypo-, sub

-, and infra- all mean

below.✓ Intra- and

endo- mean within.

Slide37

Prefix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

ab-

off, from, away from

abductio, onis f

abnormalis, e

abduction

abnormal

ad-, ac-, at-, as- ap-, an-, ar-, af-

to, (motion) toward, near

acceleratio, onis f

acceleration

an(a)-

up, again, backward

anaphylacticus, a, um

analysis, is f

anaphylactic

analysis

ante-

before

anteversio, onis f

anteversion

ap

/o,

aph

-

upon, away from, off, separate

apoplexia, ae f

apophysis, is f

apoplexy

apophysis

cata-

down, completely, according to

cataplasia, ae f

catabolismus, i m

cataplasia

catabolism

circum

-

around, about

circumocularis, e

circumoralis, e

circumocular

circumoral

co-, con-, com-

common with, together, jointly

combustio, onis f

conjugatio, onis f

combustion

conjugation

сontr

(a)-

against, opposite

contralateralis, e

contraindicatio, onis f

contralateral

contraindication

1.1. Prefixes denoting location,

position

Slide38

de-

from, down from, away, reduce, remove

deformans, ntis

depilatorius, a, um

deforming

depilatory

dia

-

through, across, apart, between, over

dialysis, is f

diathermia, ae f

dialysis

diathermy

dis-,

dif-

to undo, free from, apart, awaydissectio, onis f

disorientatio, onis f

dissectiondisorientation

ec-

outer, outside of, out, awayeclampsia, ae f

ectopicus, a, um

eclampsia

ectopic

ecto-

outer, outside

ectoderma, atis n

ectocervix, icis f

ectoderm

ectocervix

en

-,

em

-

cover with, among, within; inner location

encephalon, i n

enophthalmus, i m

encephalon

enophthalmus

end/o

within, inside; inner part of an organ

endocardium, i n

endoscopia, ae f

endocardium

endoscopia

epi-

on, upon, outside, at, to, in addition

epigastricus, a, um

epicranialis, e

epigastric

epicranial

eso-

inward

esogastritis, itidis f

esogastritis

ex-, ef-, e-

outward, from, beyond, away from, out of

extractio

,

onis

f

exophthalmus

,

i

m

efferens

,

entis

extraction

exophthalmus

efferent

exo-

outside, outward

exocervix

,

icis

f

exocervix

1.1. Prefixes denoting location,

position

Slide39

extra-

outside of, beyond

extracardialis, e

extracellularis, e

extracardial

extracellular

hyp/o

below, under

hypoplasia, ae f

hypogastrium, i n

hypoplasia

hypogastrium

hyper-

above

hyperextensio, onis f

hyperextension

in-, im-, ir-, il-

in, on, upon, into, toward; inner location

incisio, onis finversio, onis f

incisioninversion

infra-

under, below, beneath

infraorbitalis, e

infraclavicularis, e

infraorbital

infraclavicular

inter-

between, among, jointly

intercostalis, e

interosseus, a, um

intercostal

interosseous

intra-

within, inside

intraoralis, e

intracranialis, e

intraoral

intracranial

juxta-

near, beside

juxtapositio, onis f

juxtaosseus, a, um

juxtaposition

juxtaosseous

mes/o

middle

mesencephalon, i n

mesocolon, i n

mesencephalon

mesocolon

met(a)-, meth-

after, beyond, among, with, between, behind

metamorphosis, is f

metastasis, is f

metamorphosis

metastasis

1.1. Prefixes denoting location,

position

Slide40

par(a)-

beside, beyond, around, near

parodontosis, is f

paracystitis, itidis f

parodontosis

paracystitis

per-

though, throughout

perforatio, onis f

percutaneus, a, um

perforation

percutaneous

peri-

tissues surrounding, near, enclosing an organ

periodontitis, itidis f

pericardium, i n

periodontitis

pericardiumpost-

after

postnasalis, e posthepaticus, a, um

postnasalposthepatic

prae- (Eng. pre-)

in front of

praemolaris, e

premolar

pro-

before, forwards

prognathia, ae f

prognathia

retro-

back, behind

retroperitoneus, a, um

retropharyngeus, a, um

retroperitoneal

retropharyngeal

sub-

under, inferior to, beneath, below

sublingualis, e

subcostalis, e

sublingual

subcostal

supra-

above, beyond

supragingivalis, e

suprarenalis, e

supragingival

suprarenal

syn-, sym-, syl-

together, joined, with, same

syndromum

,

i

n

syndactylia

, ae f

syndrome

syndactylia

trans-

through, across, beyond, over, outside

transfusio

,

onis

f

transmissio

,

onis

f

transfusion

transmission

1.1. Prefixes denoting location,

position

Slide41

1.2. Prefixes modifying functions

Prefix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

a-, an-

without; absence of

function or property

amnesia, ae f

anaemia, ae f

amnesia

anemia

ant/

i

against

antisepticus, a, um

antiseptic

de-, des-

lack of, reduce, negation, decreased, removedesinfectio, onis f

decapitatio, onis f

desinfection

decapitation

dys

-

difficult, painful, abnormal; functional disorders

dysfunctio, onis f

dysgeusia, ae f

dysfunction

dysgeusia

hyper-

increased, more than normal, too much, high

hypertensio, onis f

hypertrophia, ae f

hypertension

hypertrophy

Slide42

1.2. Prefixes modifying functions

Prefix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

hyp

/o

incomplete, decreased, less than normal

hypoglycaemia, ae f

hypothermia, ae f

hypoglycemia

hypothermia

in-,

im

-, ir-,

il-not, without

inoperabilis, e

immobilitas, atis finoperable

immobilitypar(a)-

protection from, abnormal, variation, similarity

paraesthesia, ae f

paratyphus, i m

paresthesia

paratyphus

sub-

below, decreased,

inferior

to

subacutus

, a, um

subacute

super-

increased, more than normal, higher in quality

supersecretio

,

onis

f

superficialis

, e

supersecretion

superficial

ultra-

above,

extreme

, more than

ultrafiltratio

,

onis

f

ultrafiltration

Slide43

1.3. Prefixes denoting time

Prefix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

an(a)-

back, against, again, throughout

anabiosis, is f

anabiosis

ante-

before, earlier

antenatalis, e

antenatal

peri

-

around, near

perinatalis, e

perinatal

post-

after

postnatalis, e

postnatal

prae

- (Eng. pre-)

before, earlier

praecancerosus, a, um

precancerous

pro-

before

prophylaxis, is f

prophylaxis

re-

again, anew, backward, reproduction

reinfectio

,

onis

f

reinfection

Slide44

Prefix

Root

Suffix

Meaning of suffix

Meaning of term

Examples

end/o

organ

-itis,

itidis

f, -

ium

,

i n

inflammation/ diseaseinner layer of organ

endocardium, endometrium

peri-

external layer of organ

pericardium, perimetrium

para-

tissue near an organ

paranephritis, parametrium

mes

/o

mesentery

mesoarteritis, mesometrium

pan-

all the layers of organ

pancarditis

,

panmetritis

1.4. Prefixes denoting layers of the organs

Slide45

1.5. Prefixes with the opposite meaning

Prefix

Examples and their meaning

Prefix

Examples and their meaning

-

traumatic pertaining to injury

a- without, no

atraumatic without injury

-

uria urination

an- without, no

anuria absence of urine

ab- away from

abduction taking away from the midline

ad- toward

adduction moving towards the midline

-

emetic pertaining to vomiting

anti- against

antiemetic against vomiting

dys

- difficult, painful, bad

dyspnea difficult breathing

dysplasia abnormal development

eu- good, easy, normal

eupnea normal breathing

euplasia normal, typical state

end/o within, inside

endocrine to secrete internally

ex/o outside

exocrine to secrete externally (via a duct)

endoparasite

an organism that lives within the body of host

ecto- outside

ectoparasite an organism that lives on the outer surface of host

eso

- inward

esotropia a type of strabismus (one eye turns inward)

exo- outside

exotropia a type of strabismus

Slide46

1.5. Prefixes with the opposite meaning

Prefix

Examples and their meaning

Prefix

Examples and their meaning

hyper- more than normal

hyperglycemia elevated amounts of blood glucose

hyp/o less than normal

hypoglycemia depressed amounts of blood glucose

supra- above

supraclavicular above the clavicle

infra- below

infraclavicular below the clavicle

epi- upon

epidural upon the dura mater

sub- beneath

subdural beneath the dura mater

inter- between

intercostal between the ribs

intra- within

intramuscular within the muscle

prae

- (Eng. pre-) before

preanesthetic before anesthesia

post- after

postanesthetic after anesthesia

sub- under, less

subacute moderately acute

subclavicular

beneath the clavicle

super- above, excessive

superacute extremely acute

supra- above, excessive

suprascapular above the shoulder blade

supraclavicular above the clavicle

Slide47

1.6. Latin-Greek doublet prefixes

Latin prefix

Greek prefix

Meaning

Examples

Latin

English

Latin

English

intra-

end/o

inside

intrauterinus, a, um

intrauterine

endocardium, i n

endocardium

extra-

ecto-,

exo-

outside

extracardialis

, e

extracardial

ectoderma, atis n

ectoderm

ante-, pro-,

prae

- (Eng. pre-)

pro-

before

anteversio, onis f

anteversion

prognosis, is f

prognathia, ae f

prognosis

prognathia

praesenilis, e

presenil

post-

met(a)-, meth-

after, posterior

postfebrilis, e

postfebrile

metencephalon, i n

metencephalon

infra-, sub-

hyp

/o

under;

insufficiency

infrascapularis

, e

subscapular

hypogastrium,

i

n

hypogastrium

sublingualis

, e

sublingual

subacutus, a, um

subacute

Slide48

1.6. Latin-Greek doublet prefixes

Latin prefix

Greek prefix

Meaning

Examples

Latin

English

Latin

English

infra-, sub-

hyp/o

under;

insufficiency

infrascapularis, e

subscapular

hypogastrium, i n

hypogastrium

sublingualis, e

sublingual

subacutus, a, um

subacute

supra-super-

epi-,

hyper-

above, excessive

supraclavicularis, e

supraclavicular

epicranialis, e

epicranial

supersecretio, onis f

supersecretion

hypertonia, ae f

hypertony

inter-

mes/o

between

interosseus, a, um

interosseous

mesogastrium, i n

mesogastrium

contra-

anti-

against, opposite

contralateralis, e

contralateral

antitoxinum, i n

antitoxin

in-,

im

-,

il

-,

ir

-

a-,

an-

absence, negation

inoperabilis, e

inoperable

atonia, ae f

atony

semi-

hemi-

half

semicanalis, e

half-canal

hemiplegia, ae f

paralysis

con-

syn

-

together

conjugatio

,

onis

f

conjugation

symbiosis, is f

symbiosis

Slide49

SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Slide50

2.1. THE NOUN SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Suffix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

-

ātio

,

ōnis

f

(Eng. -

ation

)

relating to some action or the result of an actionoperatio, onis f

operation

-ēma, ătis n

pathological condition

enanthema, atis nerythema, atis n

enanthemaerythema

-i-a,

ae

f

action; process; pathological state

pneumon

ia, ae f

phob

ia, ae f

pneumon

ia

phob

ia

-

iăs

-is, is f

non inflammatory disease

helminth

iasis, is f

nephrolithiasis, is f

helminth

iasis

nephrolithiasis

-

i

-um, ii n

structure, tissue

pericardium, ii n

pericard

ium

-ism-us,

i

m (Eng

. -ism)

disease of non-inflammatory nature; poisoning; system,

characteristic

gigantismus

,

i

m

mycetismus

,

i

m

gigantism

mycetism

Slide51

2.1. THE NOUN SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Suffix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

-

ītis

,-

itĭdis

f

inflammation in any organ or tissue

appendicitis, itidis f

arthritis, itidis f

appendicitis

arthritis

-ŏl-a, ae f;-ŏl

-us, i m

smallfoveola, ae f

malleolus, i mfoveola

malleolus

-

ōma

,

ă

tis n

tumour

haеmat

oma, atis n

chondroma, atis n

hematoma

chondroma

-

ōs

-is, is f

chronic disease of non-inflammatory nature

arthrosis, is f

neurosis, is f

arthrosis

neurosis

-

ŭl

-a, ae f

(

Eng.

-ul

-e, -ul-a)

instrument; small

glandula

, ae f

glandule

-

ūr

-a, ae f

(

Eng. -

ur

-e)

state of, act, process, rank

ruptura

, ae f

rupture

Slide52

2.2. THE ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGY: adjectives

of the 1st-2nd

declensions

Suffix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

-

āce

-us, a, um

(Eng. -

aceous)

resembling, forming, belonging tomembranaceus, a, um

membranaceous

-ăc-us, a, um

(Eng. -ac)

pertaining to

cardiacus, a, um

cardiac

-

ān

-us, a, um (Eng. -an)

of or pertaining to

medianus, a, um

median

-

āri

-

us

, a,

um

(

Eng.

–

ar

-

y)

pertaining

to

urinarius, a, um

urinary-āt-us, a, um

(Eng. -at-e)

like; nature of, quality of

destillatus, a, um

destillate

-e

-

us

, a,

um

(

Eng.

-

eal

)

pertaining

to

pharyng

eus, а, um

periton

eus, a, um

pharyngeal

peritoneal

-

ĭc

-us, a, um

(

Eng. -

ic

)

belonging to; nature of, like

traumaticus, a, um

chronicus, a, um

traumatic

chronic

Slide53

2.2. THE ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGY: adjectives

of the 1st-2nd

declensions

Suffix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

-

ĭd

-us, a, um

(Eng. -id, -id-e)

connected with or belonging to; tending to

fluidus, a, umacidus, a, um

fluidacid, sour

-īn-us, a, um

(Eng. -in-e)

belonging to; nature of

uterinus, a, umuterine

-īv-us, a, um

(

Eng. -iv-e)

causing, making

incisivus, a, um

incisive

-

oi

de

-

us

, a,

um

(

Eng.

-

oid

)

resembling

rheumat

oideus, a, um

thyre

oideus, a, um

rheumatoid

thyreoid-

ōri-us, a, um

(

Eng.

-

or

-

y)

pertaining

to

respiratorius

, a, um

respiratory

-

ōs

-us, a, um

(Eng. ‑(e)

ous

)

multitude, similarity;

full of, having

squamosus

, a, um

venosus

, a, um

squamous

venous

Slide54

2.2.2. Suffixes of adjectives of the 3rd declension

Suffix

Meaning

Example

Latin

English

-(a)

bĭl

-is, e

(Eng. -(a)

bl

-e)

passive possibility; worthy of

operabilis, e

operable

-āris, e (Eng. -ar, -ar-

y) belonging to,

pertaining toauricularis, e

capillaris, e

auricularcapillary

-(ic)

āl

-

is

, e

(

Eng.

-(

i

c)

al

)

belonging to

bronchi

alis, e

thorac

alis, e

bronchi

al

thorac

al

-

īl-is

, e (Eng

. -il-e) relating to, suited for, capable

offebrilis, e

febrile