Ch. 16 – 18 Ch. 16 Abnormal Psychology - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Ch. 16 – 18

Ch. 16

Abnormal Psychology

Slide2

Definition of Abnormality

Behavior that is atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, unjustifiable

Medical Model: Sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured

DSM V-R: 5 Levels

Level 1 – Neurosis & Psychosis

Level 2 – Personality Disorders

Level 3 – Physical Problems

Level 4 – Social Stressors (1-6)

Level 5 – GAF (1-100)

Slide3

DSM V-R

DSM does not explain the causes of disorders

Pro – provides a roadmap for treatment

Con – labels and can create a bias

Neurosis: Depression, Anxiety, Somatoforms, Phobias,

Dissociatives

Psychosis: Delusional Disorder, Schizophrenia

Childhood Disorders:

Autsim

, ADHD, Behavioral Disorders

Personality Disorders: Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Schizoid, Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD, Borderline

Slide4

Depression

Depression – 3 Types

-Dysthymia – 2 years of lasting mid to moderate depression

-Major Depression – 2 weeks of severe depression including suicidal thoughts and actions

-Bi-polar Disorder – (Manic Depression): Alternating highs and lows with extremes on each end

Slide5

Anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) – Highly stressed and anxious most of the time

Panic Disorder – At least two panic attacks in a month

OCD – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

-obsessions: repeated thoughts; compulsions: repeated actions

PTSD – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – Experiencing something out of the norm which causes excessive anxiety and flashbacks

Slide6

Somatoforms

Psychological problems which turn physical

-Hypochondriasis – Exaggerating symptoms

-Factitious Disorder – Creating something that does not exist but believing it does

-Malingering – Creating something that does not exist for personal gain and knowing it

Conversion Disorder – Loss of sense due to stress

Slide7

Phobias

Claustrophobia – Enclosed spaces

Agoraphobia – Crowds and outdoors

Hydrophobia – Water

Acrophobia – Heights

Phobaphobia

- Everything

Slide8

Dissociative Disorders

Amnesia – Forgetting one’s personal information

Fugue – Forgetting one’s identity and traveling to a new location

DID (MPD) – Taking on two or more distinct personalities with histories of their own (alter-egos); protects the weaker personality

Slide9

Childhood Disorders

ADHD – Children who cannot control their impulses and attention

-Hyperactivity: cannot sit still, distracted

-Impulsive: making decisions without thinking

-Inattentive: cannot pay attention, unfocused

ODD – Oppositional Defiant Disorder – Children who are misbehaved, angry and hostile

Conduct Disorder – Lack of Conscious, violates the rights of others

Slide10

Childhood Disorders Cont’d

Autism,

Aspergers

, PDD: Communication disorders, repetitive behaviors, social deficits; PDD (developmentally behind)

Separation Anxiety – Inability to be apart from primary caregiver

Mental Retardation – Low IQ and other deficits

Slide11

Psychosis

Delusional Disorder

Schizophrenia

Slide12

Delusional Disorder

Generally functions normal in society with the exception of having delusions

Delusions – Thoughts that are contrary to reality

-

Bizzare

: cannot be possible

-non-bizarre: can be possible but still unlikely

Slide13

Schizophrenia

Split Mind

Schizophrenia is characterized by an individual who losses the ability to function in society, has delusions and hallucinations, loose associations, and flat affect.

1. Loss of Functioning (-)

2. Hallucinations (+)

3. Loose Associations (+)

4. Flat Affect (-)

Slide14

Types of Schizophrenia

Paranoid (most common) – feel likes others are out to get you

Disorganized (most severe) – makes no sense and generally off

Catatonic – shows no emotion and is basically non-responsive

Residual – someone who is not showing symptoms (usually due to medication)

Slide15

Percents

, Likelihoods, Causes

1% of the population is schizophrenic (1/100)

Most likely age to develop schizophrenia is between ages 15 – 25

Cause is strictly genetic; Generally due to a dopamine

overactivity

in the brain

Highest likelihood is: 1) identical twin 2) both parents 3) fraternal twin 4) one parent 5) sibling 6) general population

Slide16

Personality Disorders

Psychological Disorders characterized by rigid, inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair relationships and the self, but can still function well in society.

Histrionic – Center of attention, Sexually seductive, Exaggerative

Narcissistic – Egotistical, lacks ability to empathize with others

Antisocial – Lacks a conscience (often CD’s in childhood)

Schizoid – Unable to connect to others, unmotivated to connect, odd, eccentric and some signs of schizophrenia

Slide17

Personality Disorders Cont’d

Dependent – Can’t make decisions, let’s others walk on them, co-dependent

Avoidant – Afraid of criticism, being judged and relating to others, but would like to. Particularly afraid of public presentations

OCPD – Perfectionistic, orderly to the point of losing enjoyment in the activity

Borderline – Bipolar, idealize & devalues others, extreme, intense emotion and anger which is inappropriate for the circumstance

Slide18

Ch. 17 - Therapy

Therapy – Healing of the soul; A confidential interaction between a trained healer and a “sufferer”

Dual Relationship – A therapist who involves him/herself in the life of the client in a personal way, or takes on a client whom they know

Eclectic Approach – The use of a blend of approaches

Slide19

Psychoanalysis - Freud

Psychoanalysis (Freud) – Focus on the subconscious; One of the first famous therapies

-Free Association – Saying whatever comes to

mind

-Resistance – Individual blocks anxiety by refusing to participate

-Interpretation – Creating insight into subconsciously blocked material

-Transference – Experiencing strong positive or negative feelings toward the therapist

Counter-transference – Therapist experiences strong positive or negative feelings toward the client

Slide20

Psychodynamic Therapy

Modern psychoanalysis – Face to face and more modern

Includes the past and present

Interpersonal Therapy – Variation of psychodynamic and short-term (12-16 sessions); Somewhat effective for depression

Slide21

Humanistic Therapy

Rogers and Maslow

Focuses on present and future, not past

Focuses on taking responsibility rather than uncovering hidden issues

Focuses on the conscious mind, not the unconscious mind

Focuses on promoting growth, not curing illness

AKA Client-Centered Therapy – Focuses on client’s perceptions and giving them unconditional positive regard

Slide22

Behavioral Therapy

Focuses on eliminating fears and anxieties

Counterconditioning – Pairs the troubling behavior with something positive

Aversive Counterconditioning – Pairs the troubling behavior with something negative in order to eliminate it

Systematic Desensitization (

Wolpe

) – Form of counterconditioning: Create a list (hierarchy) of anxiety provoking responses and pair with relaxation

Virtual Exposure Reality Therapy – Experiencing anxiety through simulation

Flooding – Imagining high anxiety situations

Implosion – Being placed in high anxiety situations

Slide23

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combines the effort to alter the way people think and the way they behave. (Alter thoughts & actions).

 

Family Therapy: Therapy which views the family as a system & attempts to improve relationships and communication within the family.

Group Therapy: Allows others to see that problems are similar

Slide24

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Is Psychotherapy effective: 89% of clients view psychotherapy as beneficial

.

Regression toward the mean: The tendency for unusual events or emotions to return towards their average state.

Slide25

Types of Therapists

Counselors (MFT, Pastoral): Focus on marriage & family relations and can focus on the individual’s well-being

LCSW (Social Workers): Focus on relationships as well as abuse situations.

Psychologists (

Ph.D

): Similar to counselors, also focus on testing.

Psychiatrists: MD’s who prescribe medications

Slide26

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology: Study of drug effects on the mind and behavior.

-antipsychotics (

thorazine

, chlorpromazine) used for Schizophrenia create side effects of tremors, twitches and Tardive Dyskinesia (similar to

Tourrettes

Syndrome); -modern antipsychotics (Risperdal,

Zyprexia

): less side effects but slightly less effective

Antidepressants: (SSRI-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac; -These medications lift people from depression and protect them from falling back into deep depressions because they block the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from the synapses.

Mood Stabilizing Medications (Lithium): Medications used for Bi-Polar Disorders

Slide27

Radical Therapies

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Shock Therapy; Rarely used today. Primarily used in the 60’s, 70’s & 80’s as a treatment for depression. Side Effects: Seizures, Memory loss.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (

rTMS

): Sends a magnetic field through the skull to stimulate or dampen activity. Also good for depression & not as many side effects.

Lobotomy (Psychosurgery): Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue. Surgery cuts the nerves to the frontal lobe. Procedure was once used on uncontrollably violent patients.

Slide28

Ch. 18 –Social Psychology

Social Psychologists study how we influence and relate to each other.

Based on Disposition (personality) & Situation (outside influences)

Slide29

Attribution Theory

Attribution Theory: Explaining one’s behavior by disposition (personality) or situation.

Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to underestimate situation and overestimate disposition

Attitudes: Feelings based on our beliefs that predispose our reactions to others

Slide30

Social Concepts

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who agree with a small action to comply with a larger one.

Cognitive Dissonance (

Festinger

): In order to reduce discomfort, we

bring

our attitudes in line with our actions

Conformity: Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard.

Slide31

Conformity

Conditions that strengthen conformity:

-one is made to feel inferior

-group has at least 3 people

-group is unanimous

-one admires the group

-one has not made a response yet

-one’s culture encourages respect for standards

Slide32

Influence

Normative Social Influence: Sensitivity to social norms to gain approval or avoid rejection

Informational

Social Influence: The willingness to listen to others

Slide33

Conformity Experiments

Conformity Experiment (Solomon Asch) showed people 3 lines and asked which one was same as the original. Most experienced discomfort when five others agreed with the wrong line.

Milgram Experiment: 65% of adult male “teachers” fully obeyed commands to continue despite the “learners” mention of heart condition and cries of protest.

Obeyed most when:

-close at hand and legitimate authority

-prestigious institute

-learner was depersonalized or distanced

-no role models for defiance

Slide34

Social Behaviors

Social Facilitation: The phenomenon of stronger performance in the presence of others

Social Loafing: The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal

Deindividuation

: The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Slide35

Group Behaviors

Group Polarization: The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion.

Groupthink: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides a realistic alternative or choice

Prejudice: Unjustifiable and negative attitude towards a group and its members.

Stereotype: A generalized belief about a group of people.

Discrimination: Unjustifiable behavior towards a group of people.

Slide36

Social Behaviors

Aggression: The physical, emotional, or verbal behavior intended to hurt another.

Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration creates anger which in turn creates aggression

Conflict: A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

Social Trap: A situation in which the conflicting parties by pursuit of their own goals end up in a mutually destructive behavior

Slide37

Attraction

Mere Exposure Effect: The phenomenon that repeated exposure to new stimuli increases the chances of liking it.

Similarity & Proximity: Two most important determinants in attraction. A 3rd is those who are attracted to us especially when self-esteem is low.

Passionate Love: Beginning more intense stages of attraction

Companionate Love: Deeper and truer attachment to another.

Altruism: The unselfish regard for others.

Slide38

Bystander Effect

Bystander Effect: The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present. (Kitty Genovese

)

AKA Diffusion of Responsibility

Slide39

Final Social Terms

Social Exchange Theory: Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Social Responsibility Norm: Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Superordinate Goals: Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation.

GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction – A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.