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Topic  – HIV  virus Presented by Topic  – HIV  virus Presented by

Topic – HIV virus Presented by - PowerPoint Presentation

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Topic – HIV virus Presented by - PPT Presentation

Kavisha K Patidar Assistant Professor Department of Microbiology Deogiri College Aurangabad HIV virus Unit3 Kavisha K Patidar Deogiri College Aurangabad HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus causative agent of AIDS belongs to the lentivirus subgroup of the family ID: 935678

infection hiv infected aids hiv infection aids infected reverse virus transcriptase lymphocytes oppurtunistic cells nucleoside gag drugs iga genes

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Topic –HIV virusPresented byKavisha K Patidar Assistant ProfessorDepartment of MicrobiologyDeogiri College, Aurangabad

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HIV virusUnit-3Kavisha K. PatidarDeogiri College Aurangabad

Slide3

HIV: Human Immuno-deficiency Virus causative agent of AIDS belongs to the lentivirus subgroup of the family Retroviridae.Genome is diploid -2 identical ssRNA.Reverse transcriptase is associated with viral RNA.3 structural genes:-Gag genes- core and shell of virusEnv- synthesis of the envelope glycoprotein gp160Pol-polymerase reverse transcriptase

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Receptor of virus is CD4 antigen.Primary pathogenic mechanism in HIV infection is damage caused to CD4+ T lymphocytes.T4 cells decreases in number.Infected T4 cells do not appear to release normal amounts of interleukin-2, gamma interferon and other lymphokines.Humoral immunity is also affected.AIDS patients are unable to respond to new antigens.Hypergammaglobulinemia- due to polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes(IgG and IgA are raised, infants-IgM)Monocytes-macrophage function is also affected.In an infected person ,HIV can be isolated from the blood, lymphocytes, semen, saliva , tears, urine, cervical secretions and breast milk. AIDS is the only the last stage in the infection of HIV virus.

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AIDS stagesAcute HIV infection:- 3-6 months infection(Low grade fever, malaise, headache etc).Seroconversion illness(viral multiplication, immune complexes)Asymptomatic or latent infection:- infectious, +Ab testCD4 lymphocytopenia, minor oppurtunistic infections, AIDS related complexCD4 T cells count-1000/ul to 500 or less by the stage of acute infection200 or less – clinical AIDS sets in.PGL- enlarged lymph nodesARC- weight loss, fatigue, unexplained fever, diaeehea, oppurtunistic infection

AIDS-

irreversible breakdown of immune system, progressive

oppurtunistic

infection

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Lab DiagnosisImmunological tests:-Lymphocyte count below 2000/mm3T4:T8 cell ratio is reversed. Raised IgG and IgA levels.Lymph node biopsy showing profound abnormalities.Specific tests for HIV infectionAntigen detection- p24 antigen capture assay(ELISA which uses anti-p24 antibody as solid phase can be used for this)Virus Isolation – Once infected remains infected for life

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PCR- gold standard for the diagnosis in all stages of HIV infection.DNA PCR (peripheral lymphocytes , primer -gag and LTR regions)and RNA PCRAntibody detection2-8 weeks to months for antibodies to appear after infection.ELISAWestern blotting

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ProphylaxisPrevention of AIDS The three main transmission routes of HIV are sexual contact, exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to fetus or child during the perinatal period.

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Antiviral therapy/ Treatment

There is currently no cure for HIV infection. Treatment consists of

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

, or HAART.

Current HAART options are combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three drugs belonging to at least two types, or "classes," of

antiretroviral

agents. Typically, these classes are two

nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors

(NARTIs or NRTIs) plus either a

protease inhibitor

or a

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

(NNRTI).

. A number of effective drugs have become available in recent years these include nucleoside analogues like

zidovudine

(

Azidothmidine

, AZT),

Dianosine

,

Zalcitabine

,

lamivudine

and protease inhibitors like

saquinavir

,

Ritonavir

,

Indinavir

, which have been used as

monotherapy

or in various combinations