Zoonotic Coronavirus Epidemics - PowerPoint Presentation

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Zoonotic Coronavirus Epidemics

Monica Fung, MD, MPH 

Iris Otani, MD

Michele Pham, MD

Jennifer Babik, MD, PhD

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

Zoonotic Coronavirus Epidemics

Key Messages

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are zoonotic epidemics caused by members of the

Coronaviridae

family of enveloped, single-stranded, RNA viruses.The diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 relies on nucleic acid amplification tests, which are highly specific, but their sensitivity depends on many clinical factors, including the timing from symptom onset and sample type relative to disease.COVID-19 has broad clinical manifestations and can affect almost every organ system in the body.Although asthma and atopy do not seem to predispose patients to COVID-19 infection, their effects on COVID-19 clinical outcomes remain uncertain. It is recommended that effective therapies, including inhaled corticosteroids and biologic therapy, be continued to maintain disease control.There are no reports of COVID-19 among patients with primary innate and T-cell deficiencies. The presentation of COVID-19 among patients with primary antibody deficiencies is variable, with some experiencing mild clinical courses and others experiencing fatal infection despite multimodal therapy.The landscape of treatment for COVID-19 is rapidly evolving. The main classes of therapy include antivirals and immunomodulators, and there are drugs from each category demonstrating efficacy in the management of COVID-19.

Fung, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

The Lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2

Fung, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

Modes of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Fung, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

The Clinical Course of COVID-19

Fung, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

Computed Tomography Findings from

Three Patients with COVID-19

Fung, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

Time Course of Viral Exposure, Clinical Infection, and the Results of Clinical Assays for SARS-CoV-2

Fung, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):321-337

Reflecting on Prediction Strategies for Epidemics

Melike Yildirim, MS

Nicoleta Serban, PhD 

Jennifer Shih, MD

Pinar Keskinocak, PhD

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):338-349

Reflecting on Prediction Strategies for Epidemics

Key Messages

Successful management of epidemic response depends on the development of preventive and preparedness strategies, surveillance, and interventions.

Because treatment or pharmaceutical interventions are typically limited early in an epidemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions can be effective in reducing severe outcomes.

Pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions have the ability to reduce the impact of an epidemic if they are implemented efficiently and effectively, with appropriate targeting and prioritization (eg, considering age, underlying health conditions, or access to care) and with limited resources.The potential long-term health impact of epidemics for high-risk populations, for example, those with chronic respiratory diseases, further highlights the importance of developing and implementing prevention, preparedness, and intervention strategies.

Yildirim, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):338-349

Overview of Predictive Modeling Processes in Epidemics

Yildirim, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):338-349

Predictive Model Methodologies and Areas for Decision-Making in Respiratory Infectious Disease Epidemics

Yildirim, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):338-349

Influenza Epidemics:

The role of allergists-immunologists

Arnaud J. Wautlet, MD

Payal D. Patel, MD

Patricia Chavez, MLIS

Christopher D. Codispoti, MD, PhD

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):350-356

Influenza Epidemics

Key Messages

Influenza epidemics have plagued the world repeatedly.

The influenza virus can make small changes that can lead to seasonal influenza epidemics or make drastic changes that can lead to pandemics.

Allergists care for high-risk groups including patients with asthma and immunodeficiencies.Vaccination is a key tool to prevent epidemics and pandemics.Allergists can help improve influenza vaccination coverage.

Wautlet, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):350-356

Structure of Influenza Hemagglutinin

Wautlet, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):350-356

Influenza Vaccination Coverage by Season

Wautlet, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):350-356

The Evolution of Allergy Immunotherapy

Harold S. Nelson, MD

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):357-366

The Evolution of Allergy Immunotherapy

Key Messages

Recognition of hay fever as a distinct entity coincided with the marked increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases in the latter part of the 19th century. This probably reflected the improving levels of hygiene and the trend toward urbanization.

Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) was practiced with a high level of enthusiasm for more than 4 decades before randomized, controlled studies scientifically established its efficacy. In the 6 decades since, well-designed studies have established its efficacy in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, asthma, and Hymenoptera venom sensitivity.

Studies have also established the principal humoral response to AIT to be the generation of specific immunoglobulin G4, whereas the cellular response is characterized early by the generation of a variety of regulatory T cells and later by an immune deviation from TH2 to TH1 response.With the efficacy of AIT established beyond question, including its role as the only disease-modifying treatment for allergic diseases, the onus now is to make AIT safer and more convenient for the patient so that more patients will benefit from this treatment.

Nelson. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):357-366

Means and Medians of Combined Symptom and Medication Scores Obtained During the Late summer and fall of 1963 

Nelson. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. April 2021;126(4):357-366