Where does the name cell come from Cells were named by Englishman Robert Hooke in 1665 He observed that cork wood looked like monks cells in a monastery The Cell Theory The cell is the basic unit of structure and function ID: 931201
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Slide1
CellsAndCellular Transport
Slide2Slide3Where does the name “cell” come from?“Cells” were named by Englishman Robert Hooke in 1665.He observed that cork wood looked like monk’s cells in a monastery.
Slide4The Cell Theory
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.
All organisms are made of one or more cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Slide5This is the human Herpes Virus!
Exceptions to the Cell Theory
Viruses!! They
have DNA and/or RNA inside a
protein
shell. They are capable of reproduction inside another living cell, but not on
their
own.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and can reproduce inside a cell.
Obviously….the first cell.
Slide6Levels of Organization
Atoms
Molecules
**Cells**
Organelles
Tissue
?? Cells with a similar structure and function.
Slide7Levels of Organization…Continued
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Slide8Types of CellsProkaryotic CellsThe first and most primitive cellsLack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, etc)Bacteria are the ONLY prokaryotesEukaryotic CellsMost organisms have eukaryotic cells (ex: all plant and animal cells!)All genetic material is contained in a nucleusHave many membrane bound organelles
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Slide11Cell Organelle FunctionsCell Membrane: provides a barrier between the cell and the environment.Vacuole: stores water, minerals and sometimes food.Lysosome: a sac of digestive juices (acts like a stomach).Mitochondria: where cellular respiration takes place, our energy comes from here!Golgi Bodies: “packages” cell material, wraps a membrane around protiens and materials made in the cells.
Slide12Cell Organelle FunctionsCentrioles: (ONLY in animal cells) help the cell undergo cellular division, or mitosis.Cytoplasm: jelly like material that fills in the extra space in a cell, also where most of our chemical rxns occur.Ribosomes: site of protein production.Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports materials around the cell.Nuclear Membrane: separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
Slide13Cell Organelle FunctionsNucleolus: dense part of a nucleus, where RNA is made.Nucleus: stores DNA, controls most cellular activities.Cell Wall: rigid structure around the outside of plant cells to give them structure and support.Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis, makes sugar molecules using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
Slide14The Cell Membrane
Also called:
The Lipid Bi-Layer, Fluid Mosaic Model,
And
The Plasma Membrane
Cell membranes are
“semi-permeable”
because they allow some molecules to pass through, while others cannot.
A barrier that separates a cell from its surroundings.
Slide15Components of the Cell Membrane
MOVIE
Slide16Just the lipids!
Slide17The
lipid bilayer
consists of two (bi) layers of phospholipids.
The ____________ heads point to the outside and the ____________ tails point to the inside of the
membrane
.
Various _________ molecules are embedded in the membrane as well
Membrane Facts!
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
proteins
Slide18Cell Membrane Cross Section
This is the Lipid Bilayer. Why does this name fit?
This is one of many kinds on proteins embedded in the membrane.
Slide19Membrane Proteins
Marker Proteins:
They are like a “name tag” for the cell.
Slide20Membrane Proteins
Continued…
Channel Proteins:
These proteins reach through the membrane to both sides. It allows specific molecules to pass from one side of the membrane to the other.
YouTube - Cell membrane animation
Transport Proteins:
Proteins that physically move molecules across the membrane. There are a variety of types!
Slide21Cellular Transport
Slide22Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular energy (ATP)Moves molecules from high to low concentration Active Transport DOES require ATP
Slide23Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration.
The direction of diffusion is called the
concentration gradient
.
This is a form of passive transport.
_________ molecules CANNOT diffuse, regardless of concentration gradient!
LARGE
Slide24What types of molecules can NOT diffuse??
Even though all molecules seem small to us, they do vary in size a lot!
Large molecules can NOT cross the cell membrane!
Large molecules must rely on active transport.
Slide25Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular energy (ATP) Moves molecules from high to low concentrationExamples:DiffusionActive Transport DOES require ATP
Slide26Osmosis
Osmosis is a special name for the diffusion of ________ across a semi-permeable membrane.
Because this requires NO ATP, it is called _____________.
WATER
Passive transport
Water always moves from
low
to
high
SOLUTE concentration.
This is osmosis!
Slide27If a cell is placed in a solution with a LOWER concentration of solute, it will _________ (water will _________ the cell)
If a cell is placed in a solution with a
HIGHER
concentration of solute, it will _________ (water will _________ the cell)
swell
enter
shrivel
leave
Slide28Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular engery (ATP) Moves molecules from high to low concentrationExamples:DiffusionOsmosisActive Transport DOES require ATP
Slide29Phagocytosis
This is “cell eating”. A cell engulfs (or wraps itself around) a food particle thus creating a
food vacuole
.
This is a type of ACTIVE TRANSPORT!
Clip
Slide30Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular engery (ATP) Moves molecules from high to low concentrationExamples:DiffusionOsmosisActive Transport DOES require ATPExamples:Phagocytosis
Slide31Pinocytosis
This is “cell drinking”. The cell membrane pinches inward (like a
pin
poking a hole) and creates a vacuole of dissolved particles.
This is a type of ACTIVE TRANSPORT!
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Slide32Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular engery (ATP)Moves molecules from high to low concentration Examples:DiffusionOsmosisActive Transport DOES require ATPExamples:PhagocytosisPinocytosis
Slide33Membrane Proteins Using Cellular Energy: The proteins we learned about in the membrane sometimes require energy!
Slide34Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular energy (ATP) Examples:DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionOsmosisActive Transport DOES require ATPExamples:PhagocytosisPinocytosisUse of membrane proteins (ex: transport proteins)
Slide35Moving Molecules Against the Concentration Gradient
The sodium ions are more highly concentrated on the inside of the cell.
With the help of ATP, the sodium ions are still pumped back into the cell (against the concentration gradient).
Slide36Cellular TransportPassive Transport does NOT require cellular energy ATP) Examples:DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionOsmosisActive Transport DOES require ATPExamples:PhagocytosisPinocytosisUse of membrane proteins (carrier proteins, etc)Moving molecules from low to high concentration