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Chronic Kidney  Disease in General Practice Chronic Kidney  Disease in General Practice

Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice - PPT Presentation

Thitipong Pooprasert MD Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Uttaradit Hospital Definition Abnormalities of kidney structure or function gt3 months Marker of kidney damage ID: 931914

min ckd iron kdigo ckd min kdigo iron avoid gfr 2012 progression agents target patients mbd nutrition renal anemia

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Slide1

Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice

Thitipong Pooprasert, M.D.Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineUttaradit Hospital

Slide2

Definition

Abnormalities of kidney structure or function >3 monthsMarker of kidney damageAlbuminuria (ACR 30 mg/g)Urine sediment abnormalities

Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorder

Abnormalities by histology

Structure abnormalities by imagingHistory of KTDecrease GFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2

CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide3

Staging and Prognosis

CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide4

Screening: High risk CKD

DMHTAge >60 yearsAutoimmune diseasesSystemic infectionCVD

Gout /

hyperuricemia

NSAIDs, nephrotoxic agentsDecrease renal mass / single kidney

Family history of CKD

Renal calculi

Multiple renal cyst (

3 cysts)

CKD. Thai. 2015.

Slide5

Increase in SCr

Review SCr baselineSame as present

CKD

Management as CKD

CKD G3b at least refer to Uttaradit hospital (OPD neprho or OPD med)Increase from baseline

No history of baseline

SCr

Think as AKI

UA

normal

Hydration

Serial BUN, Cr, electrolyte, CXR OD

Abnormal

refer to

Uttaradit

hospital

(ER or OPD med or OPD

nephro

)

Cr not improve within 2 days

Slide6

Evaluation CKD

CausesPredicting prognosis markersComplications

Slide7

Evaluation CKD

CausesPersonal and family historyEnvironmental factorsMedicationsLaboratory, imaging and phthologic diagnosis

Predicting prognosis markers

Complications

Slide8

Evaluation CKDCauses

Predicting prognosis markersComplications

Slide9

Estimated GFREquation

Creatinine: CKD-EPI, Thai eGFR equationConfirmation CKDCKD-EPI creatinine-cystacin

C

based GFR equation

eGFR 45-59 ml/min + normal marker kidney damage24h creatinine clearanceCKD. Thai. 2015.

Slide10

Evaluation of albuminuria

Dipstick 1+DM / HTSpot morning urine for ACR30-300 mg/g : moderately increased albuminuria

20-30 mg/g + repeat 1-2 time in 3 months: mildly increased

albuminuira

Slide11

Evaluation CKDCauses

Predicting prognosis markersComplications VolumeElectrolyte and acid-baseAnemia

CKD-MBD

Nutrition

CVD

Slide12

Management

Slide13

ManagementPrevention of CKD progression

Complication of CKDNutritionVaccinationInitiation of RRT

Slide14

Prevention of CKD progression

BP controlGlycemic controlHyperuicemia Avoid nephrotoxic

agents

Smoking cessation

Slide15

Prevention of CKD progression

BP controlGlycemic controlHyperuicemia Avoid nephrotoxic

agents

Smoking cessation

Slide16

SBP (mmHg)

DBP(mmHg)Office BP140

or

90Ambulatory BP Day-time (or awake)

135

or

85

Night-time (as sleep)

120

or 70

24-hour

130

or

80

Home BP

135

or

85

Definition of HT of office and out-of-office BP

Slide17

BP management in pre-dialysis CKD

Non-diabetesDiabetes

BP goal (mmHg)

Agent of choice

BP goal (mmHg)Agent of choiceUrine albumin excretion <30 mg/g (Normal to mildly increased)140/90(1B)

-

140/90

(1B)

-

Urine albumin excretion 30-300 mg/g (Moderately increased)

130/80

(2D)

Suggest ACEI/ARB(2D)130/80(2D)

Suggest ACEI/ARB

(2D)

Urine albumin excretion >300 mg/g (Severely

increased)

130/80

(2C)

Recommend ACEI/ARB

(1B)

130/80

(2D)

Recommend ACEI/ARB

(1B)

Slide18

ACEI/ARB in CKDSerum K

5.5 meq/dLInitial enalarpril 2.5-5 mg/d

HCTZ or

Furosemide

Serum K <5.5 meq/dLFollow up

SCr

and electrolyte 1-1.5 month

SCr

rising

30%

Off ACEI/ARB

Refer

nephrologistSerum K 5.5

meq

/

dL

HCTZ or

Furosemide

SCr

rising <30%

Serum K <5.5

Tritrate

ACEI or ARB until target BP

Slide19

Prevention of CKD progression

BP controlGlycemic controlHyperuicemia Avoid nephrotoxic

agents

Slide20

Target A1CU curve phenomenon in A1c

HbA1c 7-8%; <6.5% and >9% increase HRPreprandial plasma glucose 80-130 mg/dLPostprandial plasma glucose <180 mg/dL We

recommend

a target

HbA1c of 7.0% to prevent or delay progression of the microvascular complications of diabetes, including DKD. (1A) We recommend not treating to an HbA1c target of <7.0% in patients at risk of hypoglycemia. (1B)

We

suggest

that target HbA1c be

extended above 7.0%

in individuals with

co-morbidities or limited life expectancy and risk of hypoglycemia

. (2C)

CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide21

Metformin and GFR

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)Action 60 No renal contraindicationMonitor renal function annually

<60 and

45

Continue useMonitoring renal function q 3-6 months<45 and 30Use lower dose (50% maximum dose)Closely monitor renal function q 3 monthsDo not start new patients on MFM<30Stop MFM

Slide22

Sulfonylurea and GFR

SUGlibenclamide Avoid in hypoglycemic risk patients (esp. >65 yr) Avoid in eGFR <60 mL/min

Glipizide

Can use in any stage of CKD

Avoid combination SU + glinide (repaglinide)Same mechanism

Slide23

Prevention of CKD progression

BP controlGlycemic controlHyperuicemia Avoid nephrotoxic

agents

Smoking cessation

Slide24

HyperuricemiaAllopurinol

: Xanthine oxidase inhibitorInitiate dose 1.5 mg/GFRTitrate dose every 2-5 weeks Max. dose 600-800 mg/daySide effects :

Rash, nausea, diarrhea

Allopurinol

hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS): fever, hepatitis, severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs – SJS/TEN (morbidity and mortality rate 20 –25%)

Slide25

HLA-B*5801Incidence of AHS: 0.1 - 0.4%

Pharmacogenetics to screen for AHS/SCARs: HLA-B*5801Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011) 26: 3567–3572

Slide26

Prevention of CKD progression

BP controlGlycemic controlHyperuicemia Avoid nephrotoxic

agents

Smoking cessation

Slide27

Nephrotoxic agents

Radiocontrast agentsOther imagingLow- or iso-osmolar non-ionic agentsSerial GFR 48-96 h

Gadolinium-based contrast agents

Avoid in GFR <15 ml/min

Macrocyclic chelate preparation in GFR <30 ml/min Prep bowel for colonoscope

Avoid

oral phosphate-containing bowel preparation

in GFR <60 ml/min (phosphate nephropathy)

Slide28

Complication of CKD

Anemia CKD-MBDMetabolic acidosisCVD (Dyslipidemia)

Slide29

Anemia of CKD

Hb concentration is <13.0 g/dl in males and <12.0 g/dl in females.Normochromic normocytic anemia

Anemia in CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide30

Evaluation of anemia in CKDCauses of anemia

Iron study Vitamin B12 and folate

Anemia in CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide31

ManagementIron agents

Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESA)

Slide32

Iron TreatmentTarget iron in CKD

TSAT >30%, ferritin >500 ng/ml

Administration of iron

Oral iron is

poorly absorbed in uremicHigh incidence of GI SEAnemia in CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide33

Iron TreatmentIV iron preparation

Iron dextran, iron sucrose, iron gluconateLability of Iron releaseIron dextran – most stableFollowed by iron sucrose

Richard J. Johnson. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 5

th

ed. 2015.

Slide34

ESA TreatmentWe recommend using ESA therapy with great

caution, if at all, in CKD patients with active malignancy - in particular when cure is the anticipated outcome - (1B), a history of stroke (1B), or a history of malignancy (2C).Target HbKeep Hb 10-11.5 g/dl, >11.5 g/dl – quality of life.

Hb

not above 13 g/dl

Anemia in CKD. KDIGO. 2012.

Slide35

ESA TreatmentEPO 25-50 IU/kg, 2-3 T/wk

Adjust 25-50% monthlyHb increase 1-2 g/dl in 1 moRichard J. Johnson. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 5

th

ed. 2015.

Slide36

CKD-MBD

Slide37

Target level

CKDGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)Target iPTH (

pmol

/l)

CalciumPhosphate330-59Not known optimal levelReference range

Reference range

4

15-29

5

<15

Dialysis

130-585

2-9 times the upper reference

Evaluate modifiable factors in

iPTH

progressive rising or persistently above the upper normal limit.

HyperP

,

hypoCa

, high P intake,

vit

D def.

KDIGO. CKD-MBD. 2017.

Slide38

CKD stage

Ca, PPTHALP25(OH)2D

Stage 3

(30-59)

Once (1C)Then q 6-12 mo (NG)Once (1C)Then based on level and CKD progression (NG)-Might be and repeated testing determined by baseline value and therapeutic interventions (2C).

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency be corrected using treatment strategies recommended for the general population (2C).

Stage 4 (15-29)

Every 3-6 mo (NG)

Every 6-12 mo (NG)

Every 12 mo (NG)

Stage 5 (<15 or dialysis)

Every 1-3 mo (NG)

Every 3-6 mo (NG)

Every 12 mo (NG)

KDIGO. CKD-MBD. 2017.

Slide39

CKD-MBD: ManagementTherapeutic decisions be

based on trends.PhosphateHyperparathyroism (secondary and tertiary)Bone disease

Vascular calcification

Slide40

CKD-MBD: Management

PhosphateHyperparathyroism (secondary and tertiary)Vascular calcificationBone

Slide41

High P DietDairy product

Milk, cake, pie, ice creamLiquidCoffee, tea, coca-cola

Slide42

P binder

ContentAdvantagesdisadvantagesAluminum hydroxide

Aluminium

100

to >200mg (per tablet)Very effective P-binding capacityAluminum toxicity (osteomalacia, dementia), GI SECalcium acetate

25% elemental Ca (169mg Ca per 667mg cap)

Effective over CaCO

3

Costly

hyperCa

,

calcification, PTH suppression

GI SECalcium carbonate40% elemental Ca (200mg Ca per 500 mg CaCO3Effective P-binding capacity

hyperCa

,

calcification, PTH suppression

GI SE

Calcium

citrate

22% elemental Ca

Not recommend

ed in CKD

Enhancement of aluminum absorption

Calcium

gluconate

Similar to Ca salts

Not well studied

KDIGO. CKD-MBD. 2009.

Slide43

P binder

ContentAdvantagesdisadvantagesMg/Ca carbonate

28% Mg (85mg) per total MgCO

3

25% Ca (100mg) per total CaCO3EffectiveLower Ca load than Ca-based binderHyperMgGI SESevelamer-HCl

Effective, no Ca/metal

Reduced

coronary/aortic

calcificaiton

Decrease LDL 20-30%

Cost

Decrease HCO

3 levelGI SESevelamer carbonateEffective, no Ca/metalReduced

coronary/aortic

calcificaiton

Decrease LDL 20-30%

Cost

GI SE

Lanthanum carbonate

lanthanum

Effective,

no Ca

Cost

Accumulation of

lathanum

GI SE

KDIGO. CKD-MBD. 2009.

Slide44

Metabolic acidosis

Oral NaHCO3Target HCO3- 22 mmol/L

Slide45

Dyslipidemia

Slide46

Atherosclerosis cardiovascular risk

Modifiable riskUnmodifiable riskSmokingHigh BGOver weight and obesity

Low physical activity

HT

DyslipidemiaDietOSA and OHSBlood viscosityProteinuriaLVHAgeGender

Genetic disorder

Dyslipidemia

. RCPT. 2016.

Slide47

Primary prevention: CKD

Dyslipidemia. RCPT. 2016.IndicationTarget LDL + Mx

eGFR

<60 ml/min and age 50 yr LDL-C <100 ml/dl or 30% Low/mod intensity statin or statin/ezetimibe

eGFR

60 ml/min and

albuminuria

30 mg/g and ASCVD

risk

as general population KT

statin

no LDL-C target

CKD G5D

continue

statin

if prior

use

not

start

statin

except for secondary prevention

CKD G3b-5

caution with high intensity

statin

Slide48

Statin

High intensityMod intensityLow intensity  LDL-C >50%

Atorvastatin

40-80 mg

Rosuvastatin 20 mg  LDL-C 30-50% Simvastatin 20-40 mg

Atorvastatin

10-20 mg

Rosuvastatin

5-10 mg

Pitavastatin 2-4 mg  LDL-C <30% Simvastatin

10 mg

Pitavastatin

1 mg

Dyslipidemia

. RCPT. 2016.

Slide49

Nutrition

Provide adequate nutritionMinimize uremia Reduce the risk factors for CVDDelay the progression of renal failureDavid H.

Alpers

. Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics. 6

th ed. 2015.

Slide50

Dietary nutrition

CKD ND(GFR <30 ml/min)CKD HDCKD PDEnergy

35

kcal/kg/d

(<60 yr)30-35 kcal/kg/d (60 yr)PD: dialysate fluid energy 500 kcal

Protein

0.8 g/kg/d

Avoid

high protein intake (>1.3)

1.2 g/kg/d

Na

NaCl

<2 g/d<5 g/d

K

<2000 mg/d

not limit

Ca

800 mg/d

P

600-800 mg/d (10-17 mg/kg/d)

David H.

Alpers

. Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics. 6

th

ed. 2015.

KDIGO. CKD. 2012.

Essential Nephrology. PMK. 2

nd

ed. 2014.

IBW

male = Ht (cm) -100

female = Ht (cm) -110

Slide51

Communication to Patients

หมวดเนื้อสัตว์1 ส่วน (30

กรัม

) โปรตีน 7 กรัม พลังงาน 70 กิโลแคลอรี่

เนื้อหมูสุก

2

ช้อนโต๊ะ, เนื้อไก่สุก

2

ช้อนโต๊ะ, กุ้งสุก

3-5

ตัว

เนื้อปลาสุก 2 ช้อนโต๊ะ

ไข่ต้ม

1

ฟอง, ไข่ขาวต้ม

2

ฟอง, ลูกชื้น

4-5

ลูก

แนะนำ

เนื้อหมูสุก

12

ช้อนโต๊ะ โปรตีน

42

กรัม

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Rajavithi

Hospital.

Slide52

Communication to Patients

หมวดเนื้อสัตว์1 ส่วน (30

กรัม

) โปรตีน 7 กรัม พลังงาน 70 กิโลแคลอรี่

เนื้อหมูสุก

2

ช้อนโต๊ะ, เนื้อไก่สุก

2

ช้อนโต๊ะ, กุ้งสุก

3-5

ตัว

เนื้อปลาสุก 2 ช้อนโต๊ะ

ไข่ต้ม

1

ฟอง, ไข่ขาวต้ม

2

ฟอง, ลูกชื้น

4-5

ลูก

หมวดข้าวและแป้ง

1

ส่วน มีโปรตีน

2

กรัม พลังงานเฉลี่ย

70

กิโล

แคลอ

รี่

ข้าวสวย

1 ทัพพี

, ข้าวนึ่ง ½ ทัพพี, เส้นหมี่

1 ทัพพี, บะหมี่

½ ก้อน

ขนมปัง 1

แผ่น

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Rajavithi

Hospital.

Slide53

Communication to Patients

หมวดผัก1 ส่วน มีโปรตีน 1

กรัม พลังงานเฉลี่ย

25

กิโลแคลอรี่ผักบุ้งจีนสุก 1 ทัพพี, แค

รอท

สุก

1

ทัพพี, ผักกาดขาวสุก

1

ทัพพี, ถั่วฝักยาวสุก

1

ทัพพี, กะหล่ำปลีสุก 1 ทัพพี

หมวดผลไม้

1

ส่วน มีโปรตีน

0.5

กรัม พลังงานเฉลี่ย

70

กิโล

แคลอ

รี่

สับปะรด

8

ชิ้นพอคำ, แตงโม

10

ชิ้นพอคำ,

แอปเปิ้ล

1

ผลเล็ก, เงาะ 4

ผล, ส้มเขียวหวาน 1

ผล, ชมพู่ 3 ผล, องุ่น

12 เม็ดเล็ก, มะม่วงดิบ

8 ชิ้นพอคำ

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Rajavithi

Hospital.

Slide54

Communication to Patients

หมวดน้ำมันน้ำมันพืช 1 ส่วน

= 1

ช้อนชา

พลังงาน 45 กิโลแคลอรี่

หมวดแป้งหลอดโปรตีน

1

ส่วน

=

1

ทัพพี พลังงาน

70

กิโลแคลอรี่

วุ้นเส้นสุก

1

ทัพพี

(

ดิบ

½

กำเล็ก

),

สาคูสุก

1

ทัพพี (ดิบ

2

ช้อนโต๊ะ)

,

ก๋วยเตี๋ยว

เซี่ยงไฮ้สุก

1 ทัพพี (

แผ่นกลม 1

แผ่น)

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Rajavithi Hospital.

Slide55

Communication to PatientsSodium

Na <2 g/dSalt <1 tsp/d or fish source <3 tsp/dPotassiumAvoid green vegetable and soft sweet fruits

Phosphate

Avoid

coffee, tea, cola and grain

Slide56

Potassium

CKD. Thai. 2015.

Slide57

CKD pre-dialysis nutrition

โปรตีนต่อวันเนื้อสัตว์และไข่

(ส่วน)

ข้าวและแป้ง

(ส่วน)ผัก(ทัพพี)ผลไม้(ส่วน)น้ำมันชนิดดี(ช้อนชา)

น้ำตาล

(ช้อนชา)

แป้งปลอดโปรตีน

(ส่วน)

20

กรัม

1.533

1

10

6

4

25

กรัม

2

4

3

1

10

6

4

30

กรัม

2.5

4.5

3

1

10

6

3

35

กรัม

3

5

3

2

10

6

3

40

กรัม

4

4

3

2

10

6

3

Slide58

EvaluationSerum albumin q 3-6 mo

S.alb >3.5 g/dLDietary protein intake q 3-6 monPNA

Slide59

Vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccineAnti-HBs <10 IU/LHepatitis B vaccine 40 mic.g at 0, 1, 2, 6 month im deltoid

Follow anti-HBs 1 month

Repeat if anti-HBs <10 IU/L

Influenza vaccine yearly

Slide60

When to initiate RRT

KDIGO 2012 (CPG CKD)Dialysis be initiated when one or more of the following are present (2B)Symptoms or sign attributable to kidney failure (serositis, acid-base or electrolyte abnormalities, pruritus)

Inability to control

volume status or BP

A progressive deterioration in nutritional status refractory to dietary interventionCognitive impairmentThis often but not invariably occurs in the GFR range 5-10 mL/min/1.73m2 (2B)

Slide61

When to initiate RRTThai guideline

eGFR  6 mL/min/1.73m2 eGFR > 6 mL/min/1.73m2

ร่วมกับ

มีภาวะแทรกซ้อนทีเกิดโดยตรงจากโรคไตเรื้อรังซึ่งไม่ตอบสนองต่อการรักษาแบบประคับประคองอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่งต่อไปนี้

ภาวะน้ำและเกลือเกินในร่างกาย จนเกิดภาวะหัวใจวายหรือความดันโลหิตสูงควบคุมไม่ได้ระดับโปแตสเซียมในเลือดสูง เลือดเป็นกรด หรือฟอสเฟตในเลือดสูงความรู้สึกตัวลดลง หรืออาการชักกระตุกจากภาวะยูรีเมียเยื่อหุ้มปอดหรือเยื่อหุ้มหัวใจอักเสบจากภาวะยูรีเมีย

คลื่นไส้อาเจียน เบื่ออาหาร น้ำหนักลด หรือมีภาวะ

ทุพ

โภชนาการ

Slide62

Any Question ?

Slide63

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