The Preindustrial City Past and Present 1960 Sjoberg said that all cities were a product of their societies and went through stages Folkpreliterate Feudal Preindustrial Urbanindustrial ID: 933281
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Slide1
Slide2Models of Urban Places
Gideon Sjoberg explained the stages of urban development in
The Preindustrial City: Past
and Present (1960)Sjoberg said that all cities were a product of their societies and went through stages:Folk-preliterateFeudalPreindustrialUrban-industrial
Slide3Primate Cities
Gideon Sjoberg was also the first to study the
primate city
.A nation’s leading city in size that serves as an expression of national culture.Not necessarily largeDominated by religious and govt. buildingsSpacious with wealth near the centerLess privileged near the edge or outside wall
Slide4Primate Cities
Positives?
Advantages of agglomeration
Large MarketHigh-order servicesEnhanced flow of informationCentralized TransportationGlobal TradeNegatives?Unequal distribution of investments, resource development, wealthTransportation network prevents equal access to all areasDisproportionate effect of disasterBrain drain
Slide5Rank-Size Rule
The larger the city-the fewer there are-
Model indicates that the population of a city or town in inversely proportional (the fraction) to its rank in the hierarchy
If largest city is 12 million then 2nd largest is 6 m. (1/2) 3rd largest is 4 m. (1/3) 4th largest is 3 m. or (1/4)
10
th
largest is 1.2 million
Rank-Size Rule does
Not apply to primate
Cities such as Paris,
Mexico City and so
forth
Slide6Slide7John Borchert’s “American Metropolitan Evolution”-4 Stage model of evolution
First Stage-Sail-Wagon
Epoch (1790-1830) slow, primitive overland and waterway transport-Boston, New York and Philadelphia were major cities oriented to European trade.
Slide8John Borchert
’
s
“American Metropolitan Evolution-4 Stage model of evolutionSecond Stage-Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)
Diffusion of steam-powered railroads-coal mining-boomed,
tracks laid coast to coast-manufacturing spread outward from New England hearth-by 1850 New York was primate city with Pittsburgh, Detroit & Chicago growing rapidly
Slide9Third Stage-Steel-Rail Epoch
(1870-1920)
coincided with the Industrial Revolution Steel industry in Chicago, Detroit & Pittsburgh Coal & iron ore supply areas-northern Appalachia and Lake Superior (Mesabi) Agglomeration in raw materials and market location due to railroad. Steel replaced iron rails-safer-more powerful locomotives-larger freight cars & even refrigerated cars added.
Slide10Railroads between 1870-1920
Stimulate economic growth: railroads connectivity/accessibility accelerated economic
activity
in cities Migration/labor force: population increased due to increased connectivityCorridors: cities increased in size along rail corridors due to increased connectivityCommercial zone: industrial land use area increased to accommodate rail yards, stations, warehouses, engine shops Cities declined: • Bypassed cities: some cities declined that were not connected to the RR network
Slide11How railroads affected the form of cities
CBD growth: central business district emerged and
expanded
Urban pattern: star patterns or hub-and-spoke patterns, streetcar suburbs, wider roads Land values: real estate around passenger stations became more valuable and popular; railroads created socio-economic divisions
Slide12Fourth Stage-Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch
(1920-1970)
Gasoline-powered internal combustion engines-truck based regional and metropolitan distribution of goods; increased automation of blue-collar jobs; shift to white-collar jobs; highways, expressways and jet aircraft made travel faster & cheaper; amenities of suburbs, Sunbelt; New activities responded less to cost-distance factors
Slide13How highways affected U.S Urban Areas
Relocation of economic activities: services, offices, retailing centers, transportation hubs,
light
industry and warehousing to highway interchange areasSuburbanization: larger suburban labor force could independently access downtowns by car without living there; contributed to decline or depopulation of city centersLand use change: sprawl, suburban area expands as highways radiated out of city; more land area to automotive uses (e.g., parking lots, more lanes, eminent domain); divides city and creates socioeconomic divisions Increased economic connectivityEdge citiesEnvironment:Some Cities decline due to by passes (Route 66)
Slide14Fifth Stage?-
(1970-Now)
decline of Rust belt continues; high tech. will stimulate an even greater dispersal of city populations; telecommuting, working from home, globalization and outsourcing change the way we work
Slide15Modern Urbanization
Southwest Asia-North Africa
-great variety of urbanization.
Much of Middle East, esp. Arabian Peninsula are highly urbanized due to nucleation of the oil industry.Jordan an exception-no oil wealth-but urban due to long traditionSouthern Arabia is oil poor and ruralContrast-oil rich Libya is urban, oil poor Afghanistan is rural
Slide16Modern Urbanization
South Asia-
low in urbanization, despite huge cities like Mumbai and Calcutta
Most nations in South Asia are under 30% urbanIndia-26%Pakistan-28%Bangladesh-16%Subsistence farming dominates life here
Slide17Modern Urbanization
Southeast Asia-
Singapore is the only 100% urban state
Brunei & Malaysia are the only other nations with over 50% urban Indonesia-31%Myanmar-25%Vietnam-20%Thailand-19%Subsistence farming dominates life here
Slide18Modern Urbanization
East Asia-
Averages 36%
Only Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are highly urbanized in East Asia China below-25%Yet Shanghai & BeijingHave 25 million betweenThem, however most of China’s 1.2 m. are rural
Slide19Problems in Urban America
200 years ago only 5% of world was urbanized
Today about 50% is urban
Germany, Spain & Belgium are over 90% urbanWorld wide urban problems are: pollution poor sanitation drugs and crime congestion and noise
substandard housing & slums
Slide20Problems in Urban America
With urban sprawl and expanding suburbs-inner city shrinks
CBD is often reduced to serving just the inner metro area
As basic sector jobs leave-large cities have shifted to service industriesLoss of tax base as businesses, industries and services leaveUrban decay results
Slide21Problems in Urban America
New York City a good example:
3 million people plus uncounted illegals crowd into 75 to 100 year old apartment buildings
Many buildings are worn out, rat & roach infested with high crime rates, vandalism and cases of spouse & child abuseYet despite the problems there is a sense of community that may be lost if the neighborhood is torn down
Slide22Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
sharp contrast between rich and poor
- Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws
Slide23The Ibero-American City
Latin American cities are growing rapidly-1950= 41% urban, 1997 74% urban
CBD dominates the center with 2 main divisions-traditional market and modern high rises
A commercial spine and axis of business is surrounded by elite residential housing
Griffin-Ford model
Slide24The Ibero-American City
The
spine
is an extension of the CBD with offices, shops, high class housing, restaurants, theaters, & parksZone of Maturity-Middle class housing 2nd bestZone of In Situ Accretion-high pop. Density of modest housingPeriphery-Periferico
-high density shanty towns of extreme poverty and no services (favelas)
Slide25The African City
African cities often have 3 CBDs=Colonial, Traditional and Periodic Market Zone
Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized area of the world, but the most rapidly urbanizing
No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans
de Blij model
Slide26The African City
No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans
South African cities-Johannesburg, Cape Town & Durbin are western cities with elements of European and American models-high rise CBDs and sprawling suburbs
Slide27The Southeast Asian City
SE Asia-rapid growth of population & cities-1950-15% urban, 1990s-29% urban
Most growth in coastal cities like Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)
Old colonial port zone surrounds the commercial districtUnlike Western cities-no formal business zone, but separate clusters
McGee model
Slide28The Southeast Asian City