HW: Castle Learning due tonight 11:59 - PowerPoint Presentation

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HW: Castle Learning due tonight 11:59

Bronx Zoo $$$ by Friday 1/11

Answer Steve’s question

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Steve and Nikki are fraternal twins in high school. They recently learned that their

mother has been diagnosed with cancer. They have no idea what this really means for their mom and for them.

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Mom has a doctor’s appointment so she can’t make my game. Dad said he would leave work early to make the game. I’m glad he’s coming but I wish mom could make it and I wonder if we should just stay home.

I still don’t know what cancer really is and Nikki and I don’t want to bug mom and dad. Can someone just tell me what exactly is cancer?

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Question 1:

The risk of dying from cancer in the United States is increasing.

FALSE.

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The risk of dying from cancer in the United States has decreased from 1975 to 2012

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US Mortality Files, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates are per 100,000 and are age-adjusted to the 2000 US

Std

Population (19 age groups - Census P25-1130). Source: National Cancer Institute. SEER Statistics Review 1975-2006.

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Year of Death

Total

Males

Females

1975

17.8

0.4

31.5

1980

18.0

0.3

31.7

198518.80.333.0199018.90.333.1199517.40.430.6200015.20.426.6200513.50.324.0201012.20.321.9201211.830.321.11975-201216.00.328.2

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Question 2:

Cancer can be spread from person to person.

FALSE.

Cancer cannot be

passed from one person

to another. Though cancer

itself isn’t contagious, sometimes viruses, which are contagious, can lead to the development of cancer.

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Question 3:

What someone does as a young adult has little effect on their chance of getting cancer later in life.

8FALSE.

Most cases of cancer are the consequence of many years of exposure to several risk factors.

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Question 4:

There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won’t tell the public about it because they make too much money treating cancer patients.

FALSE.

Plenty of doctors and their loved

ones die of cancer each year. Why would

anyone hide such an important discovery?

Think about the speed with which other medical breakthroughs in vaccines and antibiotics have been announced and applied. 9

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Question 5:

Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body.

FALSE.

Specialists in cancer surgery know how to safely take biopsy samples and to remove tumors without causing the cancer to spread. In many cases, surgery is an essential part of the cancer treatment plan.

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Question 6:

Cancer can be effectively treated.

TRUE.

The five major types of treatment for cancer are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biologic therapies, and therapies that boost the patient’s immune system.

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Question 7:

Cancer is a group of over 100 diseases.

TRUE.

The main categories of cancer include:

Carcinoma

Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma and myelomaCentral nervous system cancers

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Question 8:

Cancer cells can be distinguished from normal cells because of their abnormal growth.

TRUE

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Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should.

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Question 9:

Cancer can only occur in specific cells in the body.

FALSE.

The body is made up of many types of cells, and all cancer begins in cells. Cancer can develop in any cell in the body, which is why there are so many different types.

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Question 10:

Cancer develops because of abnormal gene function.

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TRUE.

Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer.

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Concept Map

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Based on what you learned today,

write a response to Steve’s question:

What is cancer?

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Do

Now 1/4

HW: Bronx Zoo $$$ by Friday 1/11

Quiz Tuesday Mitosis/Checkpoints

*Take out your answer to Steve’s

question and continue working on your concept map. 19

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Nikki has a lot of questions and Steve is not sure how to help answer them. What would you want to know if you were in their shoes?

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I remember learning about the phases of the cell cycle, but don’t understand the deal with cancer. I wonder what mom

went through before now!

I really want to help but I just

keep wondering about what’s

going to happen.

Also, will I get cancer, too?

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How do healthy and cancerous cells differ?

Cancerous

Healthy

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Cancerous

Healthy

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chromatin

Nucleolus

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Large Cytoplasm

Single NucleusSingle NucleolusFine Chromatin

Small Cytoplasm

Multiple Nuclei

Multiple & Large Nucleoli

Coarse Chromatin

Cancerous

Healthy

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chromatin

Nucleolus

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Normal

Cancerous

Number of Cells

Shape of Cells

Number of Nuclei

Amount of Cytoplasm

Characteristics of Normal & Cancerous Cells

Less

Less

Less

Less

Even

More

More

More

Irregular

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Phases of Cell

CycleGap 0 (G0): Resting Stage

Gap 1 (G1): Growth

Synthesis (S): DNA Replication

Gap 2 (G2): Growth

Mitosis (M): Nuclear Division and Cytokinesis

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The cell has several systems for interrupting the cell cycle if something goes wrong.

Checkpoints in G1 and G2 look for DNA damage and try to repair it.

Damage that is so severe that it cannot be repaired will lead a cell to self-destruct by apoptosis.Mitosis checkpoint detects failure of spindle fibers to attach to kinetochores and will arrest cell in metaphase until corrected.

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All checkpoints require the function of a complex of proteins. Mutations in the genes encoding some of these proteins have been associated with cancer.

Checkpoint failures due to gene mutations allow the cell to continue dividing despite damage to its integrity.

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When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, there is loss of function resulting in cell cycle checkpoint failure and uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

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Tumor suppressor genes are like the brakes of a car.

When the brakes lose function, the car moves out of control.

Similarly, when tumor suppressor genes lose function, the cells grow out of control.

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Tumor suppressor genes are like the brakes of a car.

When the brakes lose function, the car moves out of control.

Similarly, when tumor suppressor genes lose function, the cells grow out of control.

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When a

proto-oncogene is mutated (now called oncogene), there is gain of function resulting in a cell cycle checkpoint failure and uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

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Proto-oncogenes are like the gas pedal of a car.

If the gas pedal gets stuck in the “on” position, a car keeps moving whether the pedal is pushed or not.

Similarly, when a proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene, a cell will keep dividing even when there are no messages to divide

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Proto-oncogenes are like the gas pedal of a car.

If the gas pedal gets stuck in the “on” position, a car keeps moving whether the pedal is pushed or not.

Similarly, when a proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene, a cell will keep dividing even when there are no messages to divide.

Gene function is activated

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Normal Cell Division

The cell proceeds with normal cell division. At least one error is detected at one or more cell cycle checkpoints. Once the errors are repaired and checkpoints are cleared, the cell divides normally.Tumor Suppressor Gene MutationTumor suppressor gene loses function.

cells will continue to divide.

Proto-oncogene Mutation

Proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene. The cells will continue to divide.