PDF-(EBOOK)-Avian Flight (Oxford Ornithology Series, 14)

Bird flight has always intrigued mankind This book provides an up to date account of our existing knowledge on the subject as well as offering new insights and challenging some established viewsA brief history of the science of flight introduces the basic physical principles governing aerial locomotion A treatment of flightrelated functional morphology concentrates on the difference in shape of the arm and hand part of the wings on the structure and function of tails and on the shape of the body The anatomy and mechanical properties of feathers receive special attention Aerodynamic principles used by birds are explained in theory by simply applying Newtons laws and in practice by showing the direction and velocity of the attached flow around an arm wing cross section and of the leading edge vortex flow above a hand wing The Archaeopteryx fossils remain crucial in our understanding of the evolution of bird flight despite the recent discovery of a range of wellpreserved ancient birdsA novel insight into the interactions between wings and air challenges established theories relating to the origin of bird flight Takeoff flapping flight gliding and landing are the basic ingredients of bird flight and birds use a variety of flight styles from hovering to soaring Flight muscles consisting of mosaics of specialized fibers are the engines that generate the force required to keep the wings and tail in the gliding configuration and perform work during flapping motion The energy required to fly can be estimated or measured directly and a comparison of empirical results provides insights into the trend in metabolic costs of flight of birds varying in shape and mass from hummingbirds to albatrosses. Q. What is avian influenza?Avian influenza (AI)the bird fluis a virus that infects wild birds (such as ducks, gulls and confirmations of wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza case in the U.S. Bird Taxonomy. Kingdom: . Animalia. Phylum: . Chordata. Subphylum: . Craniata. Infraphylum. : . Vertebrata. Class: . Aves. Ornithology- study of birds. Characteristics of Birds. Adaptations for flight. A Novel Approach to Account For Site-specific Variability . Lars A. . Holmstrom. , . Delphin. . Ruché. , Erin M. . Colclazier. , Nathalie Denis, and . Thomas E. . Hamer. Hamer Environmental L.P., P.O. Box 2561, Mount Vernon, Washington, 98273, USA, . Modern medicine is highly complex and investigations are a key part of the diagnostic process. With major advances in technology there are thousands of clinical and laboratory tests available. The \'Oxford Handbook of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation\' provides a patient-oriented approach to investigation where key symptoms and signs are described along with tests that may be of value in reaching a diagnosis. The remainder of the Handbook is specialty-centered and provides a comprehensive review of all available tests within a given subject. Contributors are all active clinicians who are engaged in medical practice, who appreciate the problems faced by junior doctors. The Handbook should also be of value to senior medical students, and who will soon be on the wards and responsible for ordering tests on their patients. 24/7 Emergency Contact Revised: 6/2011 What is the bird flu that has been reported in Asia and Europe? Outbreaks of avian influenza have occurred among poultry in eight countries in Asia (Cambodia, C In Morality, Mortality, Volume II, Kamm continues to explore questions of life and death as illustrations of general issues in moral theory. Resuming her development of non- consequentialist ethical theory and its application to practical ethical problems, she explores the distinction between killing and letting die, between harming and not aiding, and between intending and foreseeing harm. Throughout this examination, she focuses on the methodology used in analyzing these questions. Kamm develops a principled account of when harming some to save others is permissable and impermissable. In the process, she discusses the Survival Lottery and Trolley Problem, and other related dilemmatic situations. Kamm then covers the concepts of rights and prerogatives, contrasting a victim-focused account of rights with that of an agent-relative account. Here, she considers the problem of minimizing rights violations, and the significance of the status of inviolability. She concludes Volume II by assessing whether agreements or superogatory conduct may permissably override restrictions, and what their doing or not doing indicates about morality, duties, and prerogatives. In this original study, Jamie Mayerfeld undertakes a careful inquiry into the meaning and moral significance of suffering. Understanding suffering in hedonistic terms as an affliction of feeling, he addresses difficulties associated with its identification and measurement. He then turns to an examination of the duty to relieve suffering: its content, its weight relative to other moral considerations, and the role it should play in our lives.Among the claims defended in the book are that suffering needs to be distinguished from both physical pain and the frustration of desire, that interpersonal comparisons of the intensity of happiness and suffering are possible, that several psychological processes hinder our awareness of other people\'s suffering, and that the prevention of suffering should often be pursued indirectly. Mayerfeld concludes his discussion by arguing that the reduction of suffering is morally more important than the promotion of happiness, and that most of us greatly underestimate the force of the duty to prevent suffering.As the first systematic book-length inquiry into the moral significance of suffering, Suffering and Moral Responsibility makes an important contribution to moral philosophy and political theory, and will interest specialists in each of these areas. Why is death bad for us, even on the assumption that it involves the absence of experience? Is it worse for us than prenatal nonexistence? Kamm begins by considering these questions, critically examining some answers other philosophers have given. She explores in detail suggestions based on our greater concern over the loss of future versus past goods and those based on the insult to persons which death involves. In the second part, Kamm deals with the question, Whom should we save from death if we cannot save everyone? She considers whether and when the numbers of lives we can save matter in our choice, and whether the extra good we achieve if we save some lives rather than others should play a role in deciding whom to save. Issues such as fairness, solidarity, the role of random decision procedures, and the relation between subjective and objective points of view are discussed, with an eye to properly incorporating these into a nonconsequentialist ethical theory. In conclusion, the book examines specifically what differences between persons are relevant to the distribution of any scarce resource, discussing for example, the distribution (and acquisition) of bodily organs for transplantation. Kamm provides criticism of some current procedures for distribution and acquisition of a scarce resource and makes suggestions for alternatives. The police are perhaps the most visible representation of government. They are charged with what has been characterized as an impossible mandate -- control and prevent crime, keep the peace, provide public services -- and do so within the constraints of democratic principles. The police are trusted to use deadly force when it is called for and are allowed access to our homes in cases of emergency. In fact, police departments are one of the few government agencies that can be mobilized by a simple phone call, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They are ubiquitous within our society, but their actions are often not well understood. The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing brings together research on the development and operation of policing in the United States and elsewhere. Accomplished policing researchers Michael D. Reisig and Robert J. Kane have assembled a cast of renowned scholars to provide an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the institution of policing. The different sections of the Handbook explore policing contexts, strategies, authority, and issues relating to race and ethnicity. The Handbook also includes reviews of the research methodologies used by policing scholars and considerations of the factors that will ultimately shape the future of policing, thus providing persuasive insights into why and how policing has developed, what it is today, and what to expect in the future. Aimed at a wide audience of scholars and students in criminology and criminal justice, as well as police professionals, the Handbook serves as the definitive resource for information on this important institution. Bird flight has always intrigued mankind. This book provides an up to date account of our existing knowledge on the subject, as well as offering new insights and challenging some established views.A brief history of the science of flight introduces the basic physical principles governing aerial locomotion. A treatment of flight-related functional morphology concentrates on the difference in shape of the arm and hand part of the wings, on the structure and function of tails, and on the shape of the body. The anatomy and mechanical properties of feathers receive special attention. Aerodynamic principles used by birds are explained in theory by simply applying Newton\'s laws, and in practice by showing the direction and velocity of the attached flow around an arm wing cross section and of the leading edge vortex flow above a hand wing. The Archaeopteryx fossils remain crucial in our understanding of the evolution of bird flight despite the recent discovery of a range of well-preserved ancient birds.A novel insight into the interactions between wings and air challenges established theories relating to the origin of bird flight. Take-off, flapping flight, gliding and landing are the basic ingredients of bird flight, and birds use a variety of flight styles from hovering to soaring. Flight muscles consisting of mosaics of specialized fibers are the engines that generate the force required to keep the wings and tail in the gliding configuration and perform work during flapping motion. The energy required to fly can be estimated or measured directly, and a comparison of empirical results provides insights into the trend in metabolic costs of flight of birds varying in shape and mass from hummingbirds to albatrosses. The indispensable guide to all aspects of clinical care, the Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes has been fully updated for its fourth edition, providing comprehensive coverage of both disciplines in a practical and concise format. Featuring new chapters on transition inendocrinology and diabetes, practical nursing considerations, and the genetics of endocrinology, and expanded sections on inherited endocrine syndromes and MEN, it retains the clear organisation and layout for ease of reference as the previous edition over a broader range of topics.Combining authority, relevance, and reliability, this title includes new therapies and guidelines alongside \'clinical pearl\' and \'tricky situation\' boxes to aide readers in rare or complicated situations. This is the must-have guide for all trainees and specialist nurses in endocrinology anddiabetes. “. . . a brilliant piece of scholarship . . . Mackowski’s book belongs in every space historian’s library. Seldom does one find in scholarly literature a book as easy and enjoyable to read as Testing the Limits.”—Air Power History “Maura Phillips Mackowski has filled a critically important gap in the literature of American aerospace history. . . . The author provides a compelling narrative overview of the development of aviation medicine in the United States. . . . Testing the Limits is an important and engrossing story, well told in very lively prose. Specialists and general readers alike will find it difficult to put down.”—The Journal of American History “...demonstrates outstanding scholarship in the exploration of the history of American military aviation medicine.”—Space Times Real understanding of past societies is not possible without including children, and yet they have been strangely invisible in the archaeological record. Compelling explanation about past societies cannot be achieved without including and investigating children and childhood.However marginal the traces of children\'s bodies and bricolage may seem compared to adults, archaeological evidence of children and childhood can be found in the most astonishing places and spaces. The archaeology of childhood is one of the most exciting and challenging areas for new discovery aboutpast societies. Children are part of every human society, but childhood is a cultural construct. Each society develops its own idea about what a childhood should be, what children can or should do, and how they are trained to take their place in the world. Children also play a part in creating thearchaeological record itself.In this volume, experts from around the world ask questions about childhood - thresholds of age and growth, childhood in the material culture, the death of children, and the intersection of the childhood and the social, economic, religious, and political worlds of societies in the past. [EBOOK] Macbeth: Oxford School Shakespeare Oxford School Shakespeare Series
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