385 EXAM 2 REVIEW TEMPLE MEDICINE - PowerPoint Presentation

385 EXAM 2 REVIEW

TEMPLE MEDICINE

Incubation • purification (bathing, change of clothes, sprinkling of water) before entry into sacred precinct • sacrifice of inexpensive offerings: honeycakes , cheesecakes, figs • evening entry into abaton • segregation of male and female patients• sleep in abaton immediate• repeat until dream (oneiros) provides cure mediated• upon recovery, thanks-offering (eukharistêrion) made• animal sacrifice to Asklepios and Hygieia• on certain occasions, testimonial engraved and displayed

What Explains Asklepiadic Testimonia ?

What Explains Asklepiadic Testimonia ? • Deceitful claim?• Placebo effect?• Natural cure?• Seriousness of condition?• Nature of “cure”? • Genuine miracle?

MAGIC & SCIENCE

ANCIENT SCIENCE ANCIENT MAGIC theory over application observable events explained in terms of non-observables ( kryptomena )observable events explained in terms of non-observables (kryptomena)effects produced by manipulating kryptomenaeffects produced by manipulating kryptomena deterministic causal network deterministic causal network impersonal idiom ( dynameis ) language active, efficacious, creative techniques performed by neutral agent public knowledge, openness to criticism private (often “banned”) knowledge failure results from (1) faulty theory, (2) flawed implementation or experimentation failure results from (1) flawed implementation, (2) counter-magic, (3) character of agent, (4) chance acknowledged (if poorly understood) by society at large

ANCIENT SCIENCE ANCIENT MAGIC theory over application practice over theory observable events explained in terms of non-observables ( kryptomena)observable events explained in terms of non-observables (kryptomena)effects produced by manipulating kryptomenaeffects produced by manipulating kryptomena deterministic causal network deterministic causal network impersonal idiom ( dynameis ) mixed idiom: personal ( daimonia ) and impersonal ( dynameis ) language neutral, descriptive language active, efficacious, creative techniques performed by neutral agent techniques performed by involved agent public knowledge, openness to criticism private (often “banned”) knowledge failure results from (1) faulty theory, (2) flawed implementation or experimentation failure results from (1) flawed implementation, (2) counter-magic, (3) character of agent, (4) chance acknowledged (if poorly understood) by society at large acknowledged (if poorly understood) by society at large

MAGIC MEDICINE

Aims in PGM AIM NUMBER/PERCENT Healing 109/21% Knowledge102/20%Love98/19%Injury61/12%Miscellaneous44/8.5%Success 42/8.2% Safety 22/4.3% Invocation 22/4.3% Service 7/1.4% Horoscopes and General Astrology 6/1.2%

plant, herb drug, potion medicine pharmakon poison magic charm scapegoat

Doctrine of Signatures "Nature marks each growth ... according to its curative benefit"

Doctrine of Signatures "Nature marks each growth ... according to its curative benefit" • appearance of natural material : body part :: sign : signified • sign indicates therapeutic benefit relative to corresponding part • appearance of natural material : innate property :: sign : signified

BINDING-SPELLS & LOVE CHARMS

Curse ( katadesmos ) •preparation / consecration of lamella • invocation (agents / messengers) * chthonic deity (Hades, Persephone, Hekate, Hermes) * kakodaimon * nekydaimon • designation of victim *identification of name and family *enumeration of parts • list of desired results • promise / threat • self-identification as god or daimon• deposition of lamella • graveyard; grave of recently deceased child • underground watercourse

Performatives • What does uttering a performative do? • Can performatives be negative? • How are performatives verified?

Performatives • Uttering a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a kind of action rather than the description of a thing, an action, or a state. • Uttering a performative changes the reality to which it applies. This can include the speaker, the addressee, both, or some general situation. • Performative utterances can be positive or negative: they can instate or cancel a state of affairs. • Since performative utterances are not deictic or referential, they are not subject to verifiability: they cannot be true or false, and so are not evaluable on those terms.• Performative utterances are instead evaluable in terms of appropriateness of context and (sometimes) effectiveness.

ERÔS ( philtrokatadesmos , agôgê)LOVE CHARMS PHILIA (philtron, kharis)

LOVE CHARMS

philtrokatadesmos ERÔS agôgê

philtrokatadesmos (binding spell) ERÔS agôgê (fetching spell)

Eros Charm • attraction ( agôgê ) and binding ( katadesmos )• restriction of sexual attention to NN alone• restlessness, mental disturbance• loss of physical and emotional self-control• physical torture (binding, inflaming, whipping, piercing)• rejection of husband and family• compulsory movement (agôgê) from natal/conjugal house to house of NN• culmination in intercourse

Philia Charm philtron PHILIA kharis

Philia Charm philtron (love charm) PHILIA kharis (beauty/favor/sex appeal)

EROS CHARM PHILIA CHARM Terms agogê , philtrokatadesmosphiltron, kharisDescriptionincantation over amulets, knotted cords, rings, potions, ointments Action burns, tortures, maddens, impels victim to leave home and come to practitioner Effect lust ( eros ) affection ( philia ) Social context courtship outsider to destroy loyalty to natal family or spouse User man, prostitute wife, social inferior Victim husband, king, other authoritative male

EROS CHARM PHILIA CHARM Terms agogê , philtrokatadesmosphiltron, kharisDescriptionincantation over bound images, tortured animals, burning materialsincantation over amulets, knotted cords, rings, potions, ointments Action burns, tortures, maddens, impels victim to leave home and come to practitioner binds and mollifies, reduces anger, increases esteem for practitioner; increases sex appeal ( kharis ) of practitioner Effect lust ( eros ) affection ( philia ) Social context courtship outsider to destroy loyalty to natal family or spouse insider within existing relationship in need of repair User man, prostitute wife, social inferior Victim young women and men, usually in natal home husband, king, other authoritative male

EVIL EYE

Evil Eye • What effects does evil eye have? • How is evil eye believed to work? • What relation to envy? • What safeguards against evil eye? • What social function?

• carrier both human and animal • effects both voluntary and involuntary • dessication of both inanimate objects and living beings • emanationist mechanism • association with envy (invidia) • protection against evil eye • silence/rejection of praise • counter-eye • objects that deflect • assertion of sexual potency • association with liquids • social functions • explanation of misfortune • redirection of guilt • curb on ostentatious display • redistribution of goods

PRINCIPLES OF MAGIC

actio in distans What ancient theories explain actio in distans?

actio in distans • emission theory • correspondence (sympathy/antipathy) theory • doctrine of signatures

Sir James Frazer (1854-1941) Sympathy / Contagion

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Omnipotence of Thought

SIMILARITY CONTAGION Sympathetic, Mimetic, Homeopathic Contact

SIMILARITY CONTAGION Sympathetic, Mimetic, Homeopathic Contact A  XY (likeness) = X (original)A  YA  Y = A  XA  XY (part) = X (whole)A  YA  Y = A  X

SIMILARITY CONTACT Sympathetic, Mimetic, Homeopathic Contagious A  XY (likeness) = X (original)A  YA  Y = A  XA  XY (part) = X (whole)A  YA  Y = A  XMetaphorSynecdoche

Some Features of Language • Language as intersubjective, hence immanently social • Language and the constitution of the experienced world • ordering and understanding • naming and ordering • ordering (however arbitrary) experienced as natural• Language and techniques for reorganizing / reconstituting the experienced world • translation • linguistic tropes (metaphor, synecdoche)

DIRT

Structuralist Assumptions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Structuralist Assumptions 1. There is a human need to classify in order to understand. 2 . Classification tends to be binary: BELOW / ABOVE3. Whatever resists classification causes anxiety: FEMALE ? MALE4. Transition between categories is potentially dangerous.5. Whatever resists classification or fails to transition successfully from one category to another is “dirt.”6. All “dirt” is taboo.7. Whatever is taboo is powerful.

“Dirt ” : Matter out of Place GARDEN HOUSE PLATE “soil”“dirt”“filth”

MUMBOJUMBO

Uses of Language Referential/Deictic This frog is bleeding. Performative I curse you, frog! Expressive/EmotiveBleed, frog!AnalogicalJust as this frog bleeds…Metaphorical The heaventree of stars hung with humid nightblue fruit. Magical Performative Emotive Analogical Metaphorical Mumbojumbo

Uses of Language This frog is bleeding. Performative I curse you, frog! Expressive/Emotive Bleed, frog!AnalogicalThe heaventree of stars hung with humid nightblue fruit. Magical

Mumbojumbo TROPE EXAMPLE transposition sabaoth / asbothapsinôther nôpsither thernôpsirecombinationkuk bakuk bakakuk bakaxikuk rhyme abracadabra mumbojumbo repetition (3x), (9x) palindrome ablanathanalba akramakariramamariramakarka tonic vowel palindrome a—e— ê — i —o—u— ô —u— i — ê —e—a numerological cypher khabrakh thneskêr phikhrô phurô phôkhô bôkh shape pterygma , word square, concrete poetry

thing  image  word  thing “garlic” spoken = garlic eaten

Names & Things • the naturalness of one’s own language • the essential character of one’s own name •naming rituals •private vs. public names •names and curses •names and invocations (יהוה)• naming and creation

Linguistic Sign Referent Sign

Linguistic Sign Sign Referent

A rose is a rose is a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose.A rose is a rose is a rose.A rose is a rose is a rose.A rose is a rose is a rose.A rose is a rose is a rose.

rose

Estrangement in Mumbojumbo • conventional link between Sign and Signified broken by tropes (rhyme, repetition, etc.) • attention focuses on Sign rather than Signified • transparent Sign becomes thicker and more opaque • Sign becomes thinglike• speech becomes creative

DEMONOLOGY

daimôn (pl. daimones )

(unspecified) god daimôn (pl. daimones) divine power : nymph, ancestor, divinized hero, spirit of the dead...

agathodaimôn daimôn kakodaimôn nekydaimôn

agathodaimôn (good daimon ) daimôn kakodaimôn (evil daimon) nekydaimôn (death daimon)

Effects of Alexander’s Conquest

Effects of Alexander’s Conquest • expansion due to conquests by Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) • sustained contact with cultures of Egypt, Near East, India • cultural and religious syncretism • importation of Babylonian astronomy/astrology in Greek world • importation of exotic daimones

Aristotelian Motion • Two kinds of observable motion: (a) ________ and (b) ________ . • Terrestrial motion is _____________________.• Celestial motion is _______________; therefore celestial bodies must be composed of a unique element (_________).• Earth lies at the center of the kosmos, surrounded (ideally) by concentric spheres of _____________________ — moving upwards from most dense to most refined.

Aristotelian Physics/Theology • Forced displacement  terrestrial movement. • Something unmoved  celestial movement.• Source of all movement = Unmoved Mover = God.• God perfect, complete, autonomous, self-absorbed and self-sufficient.• God embodies goal towards which all natural things aim: perfect self-actualization.• Desire to become God  all movement.

Aristotelian Physics/Theology • Forced displacement  terrestrial movement. • Something unmoved  celestial movement.• Source of all movement = _____________________.• _______________ embodies goal towards which all natural things aim: perfect self-actualization.• _______________ all movement.

Results of Aristotelian Theology

Results of Aristotelian Theology • increasing gap between mortal and divine worlds • need for mediation between mortal and divine worlds • monotheistic trend  proliferation of daimones • sublunary world as alienated, corrupt, fallen • rise in popularity of foreign cults, supernatural phenomena

theurgy •Universe is hierarchy of serial emanations from the One. •Each order of emanations is subdivided further. •Each subdivision mediated by gods, daimones , souls, guardian spirits, ghosts...•Goal of theurgy: ascent (anagôgê) to and communion/merger with the One.•Means of theurgy: •magic rituals to induce empsychosis •use of symbols to attract daimones and higher souls +gold : cinnamon : heliotrope : rooster : Sun •interrogation of emplaced souls about access to higher levels +discovery of passwords to allow for ascent through gates

MANTEIA DIVINATION

Types of Divination manteia

Types of Divination inspired (possession) manteia inductive (technological)

Divination • intersection of emanationism , sympathia, Doctrine of Signatures• universe rationally ordered and expressible as signs (sêmata)• natural world (weather, animals) as privileged bearer of signs• development of technologies of semiology• universe deterministic : illusion of “coincidence” in kledonomancy

teratomancy – _____________ augury – _______________haruspicy – _________________oneiromancy - __________________klêdonomancy – _____________

teratomancy – abnormal events augury – birdflight and behaviorharuspicy – liver of sacrificial victimsoneiromancy - dreamsklêdonomancy – “chance” events

Types of Dreams enupnion oneiros horama _____________________________ allegorical/enigmatic______________________

Types of Dreams enupnion random traces of daily experience derivative, mundane meaning oneiroshorama_____________________________allegorical/enigmaticdirect visitation by authority figure: dream admonitory and oracular______________________indirect meaning in need of interpretation

Private Dream  Public Meaning • immediate (private) dream experience • recollection of dream upon and after waking : secondary elaboration • later discussion of dream with others : tertiary elaboration• influence of cultural (narrative) templates on both secondary and tertiary elaboration • cultural templates embody interpretive frameworks