Academic Integrity and Plagiarism - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

Ms Erika Gavillet

Dr Richy HetheringtonSlide2

Do you agree to take part?

Yes

No

I don’t know yetSlide3

Which of the following professional bodies are you a member of

General Medical Council

The Health Professions Council

The Science Council

Chartered Scientists

British Association of Accredited

Researchers

None of the aboveSlide4

Professional Bodies

membership organisation representing the learned societies and professional institutions

A single chartered mark for all scientists, recognising high levels of professionalism and competence in science

Registers doctors to practise medicine in the UK. Promote and maintaining the health and safety of the public by ensuring proper standards in the practice of medicine.

A regulator protecting the public by registering health professionals ensuring standards of training, professional skills, behaviour and health.

B.A.A.R.

I made that one up, to test your integritySlide5

Project Approval Slide6

Ethics advice

Research Ethics

14

th FebResearch Governance 16th Nov

-National Research Ethics ServiceInstitute of Neuroscience Psychology Ethics Committee Research Ethics in a Wider context - for 2nd year and above only Your Handbooks for Research students

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/res/research/ethics_governance/Slide7

Funding Integrity

Pharmaceuticals manufacturer support

Other interested

parties

E.g. Dr Andrew Wakefield Slide8

Experimental Integrity: Can the circled data point be dropped

Yes

noSlide9

Should you publish this result?

Yes

No

sample

ControlSlide10

Is it acceptable to manipulate a gel image for publication or your thesis?

Yes

No

"Gel electrophoresis 2" by

Mnolf

- Photo taken in Innsbruck, Austria. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gel_electrophoresis_2.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Gel_electrophoresis_2.jpgSlide11

Authorship and Acknowledgement

YES

NO

Should a technician who produced results but had no input to design or interpretation of results be an author?Slide12

Open Access PublishingSlide13

Reproducibility

You read a paper with an interesting experiment but you aren’t sure about the result, you follow the methods but can’t get the same result in the paper.

Is this th

e authors

problem or

your

problem?

Authors problem

Your problemSlide14

Maintaining academic integrity in research

Avoiding Misconduct

Fabrication (inventing data)

Falsification (distorting data or results)Plagiarism (copying)Consider whether you have an intention to deceiveSlide15

Duplication, redundancy or

self plagiarism

Sending the same article to more than one journal

Using the data twice without a significantly different outcomeCopying your introduction for another piece of workUsing data generated from one degree e.g. MRes or MSc in another PhDSlide16

Ukrio.orgSlide17

Reference

Scientists behaving badly

Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson & Raymond de

VriesNature 435, 737-738(9 June 2005)

The 'self-plagiarism' oxymoron: can one steal from oneself?Chrousos GP, Kalantaridou SN, Margioris

AN,

Gravanis

A.

Eur

J

Clin

Invest. 2012 Mar;42(3):231-2.

Manipulation and Misconduct in the Handling of Image Data

Cathie Martin, Editor-in-Chief

The Plant Cell

and

Mike Blatt, Editor-in-Chief Plant PhysiologyThe Plant Cell September 2013 vol. 25 no. 9 3147-3148

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/Promoting an open research cultureB. A.

Nosek et alhttp://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/348/6242/1422.full.pdf Slide18

Academic integrity. Plagiarism – what’s okay and what’s not

Erika Gavillet

Medical Librarian

Walton LibrarySlide19

Academic integrity – the dilemma

Show you have done your research…

BUT

…write something new and originalAppeal to experts and authorities…BUT…improve upon or disagree with experts and authoritiesSlide20

Academic integrity – the dilemma

Demonstrate you ability to write by mimicking what you hear and read…

BUT

…use your own words and voiceGive credit where credit is due…BUT…make your own significant contribution.Slide21

Academic integrity – the dilemma

Remember…supervisors and other readers will not be able to tell if plagiarism is deliberate or not.Slide22

You are under pressure with your lab experiment which then goes wrong. Your colleague ran a similar experiment last week and gives you the figures. You use them in your report. Is this:

Acceptable practice?

Plagiarism?

Collusion?Slide23

When writing your research, you take short phrases from a number of sources, add your own words to make a coherent structure and list all your sources in your bibliography. Is this:

Acceptable practice?

Plagiarism?

Collusion?Slide24

Tools for detecting plagiarism

JISC software

‘Watermarked’ e journals and books

Internet detection softwareExperienceSlide25
Slide26
Slide27

Tools for detecting plagiarism

JISC software

‘Watermarked’ e journals and books

Internet detection softwareExperienceSlide28

Types of plagiarismSlide29

For the following slides, demonstrating examples of plagiarism, I am indebted to South Bank University’s website:

Acceptable and Unacceptable use of non-original material

http://cise.sbu.ac.uk/plagposter/

[Accessed 5

th May 2008]Slide30

‘Copy and paste’

The writer copies the exact words that have already been published into their work without any indication of their origin.Slide31
Slide32
Slide33

Disguise

Some words are changed from the original source.

Arguably a more serious offence than ‘copy and paste’ as it indicates a deliberate attempt to pass the work off as the writer’s own.Slide34
Slide35

Incorrect referencing

Where it is not made clear within the writer’s work which parts of the writing have been taken from the original source and which belong to them.Slide36
Slide37

Mosiac

Fragments of the original are scattered between parts that the writer has written.

The sequence of ideas and examples show that it has been lifted directly from the original source.

The writer’s comments between add no value or make no difference to the writing.Slide38
Slide39

Multiple sources

Where content is mixed from more than one source.

This does not make the writing any more original or valuableSlide40
Slide41

Paraphrasing

In this example, nearly all the words are those of the writer

However

, the sequence, the ideas, the references used to support the arguments etc are identical to the original source.Slide42
Slide43

Correct but inappropriate usage

No attempt to mislead or cheat…correctly acknowledged and formatted…

But so little of the writer’s work that it is pointless!Slide44
Slide45

So…when should you give credit?

When you are referring to someone else’s words or ideas

When using information gained through interviewing someoneSlide46

So…when should you give credit? (cont..)

When you reproduce or reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or photos

When you choose to use the exact words or ‘unique phrase’ from another’s workSlide47

Making sure you are safe

Techniques to ensure that you can’t be accused of plagiarism…Slide48

When researching, note-taking, and interviewing

Make sure you indicate clearly when the words belong to someone else – use a ‘Q’ in the margin, or quotation marks.

Always keep a full record of your sources (page numbers, titles etc)

Always acknowledge in your final text using in-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks or indirect quotations.Slide49

When paraphrasing or summarising

Write your paraphrase or summary from memory – don’t look at the original text. Then check with the original for accuracy.

In your work, begin by giving credit:

According to Esther Blodgitt…If you want to use a unique phrase, put it in quotation marks: The Prime Minister’s response to the opposition was a “poisonous diatribe” (Blodgitt).Slide50

Quotes

Don’t use too many – it starts to look like there’s not many of your own ideas in your work

Mention the author somewhere in the sentence and use quotation marks.Slide51

You have found a fantastic article. You copy out a few sentences word for word, include quotation marks and an in text citation and include full details in your bibliography. Is this?

Acceptable practice?

Plagiarism?

Collusion?Slide52

You want to use a graph from a textbook. You contact the author who gives you permission and you reference it in your bibliography. Is this:

Acceptable practice?

Plagiarism?

Collusion?Slide53

Where to go for further information

Citing references

by David Fisher

Citing your references by David Bosworth

Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia LiUniversity Student Handbook

Academic integrity pages on the ResIN website:

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/resin/writing_up/academic_integrity/plagiarism.php

General academic good practice:

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/right-cite/Slide54

If you have been listening…

Thank you!

This is your opportunity to comment or ask questions…

Or later…medliaison@ncl.ac.uk