Ms Erika Gavillet Dr Richy Hetherington Do you agree to take part Yes No I dont know yet Testing If you are male If you are female Which of the following professional bodies are you a member of ID: 650399
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Slide1
Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
Ms Erika Gavillet
Dr Richy HetheringtonSlide2
Do you agree to take part?
Yes
No
I don’t know yetSlide3
Testing…
If you are male
If you are femaleSlide4
Which of the following professional bodies are you a member of
General Medical Council
The Health Professions Council
The Science Council
Chartered Scientists
British Association of Accredited
Researchers
None of the aboveSlide5
Professional Bodies
membership organisation representing the learned societies and professional institutions
A single chartered mark for all scientists, recognising high levels of professionalism and competence in science
Registers doctors to practise medicine in the UK. Promote and maintaining the health and safety of the public by ensuring proper standards in the practice of medicine.
A regulator protecting the public by registering health professionals ensuring standards of training, professional skills, behaviour and health.
B.A.A.R.
I made that one up, to test your integritySlide6
Project Approval Slide7
Ethics advice
Research Ethics (16
th
January)Research Governance (13th Nov) -National Research Ethics ServiceInstitute of Neuroscience Psychology Ethics Committee
Research Ethics in a Wider context - for 2nd year and above only (HASS http://pgrdp.ncl.ac.uk/)Your Handbooks for Research studentshttp://www.ncl.ac.uk/res/research/ethics_governance/Slide8
Funding Integrity
Pharmaceuticals manufacturer support
Other interested
parties
E.g. Dr Andrew Wakefield Slide9
Experimental Integrity: Can the circled data point be dropped
Yes
noSlide10
Should you publish this result?
Yes
No
sample
ControlSlide11
Authorship and Acknowledgement
YES
NO
Should a technician who produced results but had no input to design or interpretation of results be an author?Slide12
Open Access PublishingSlide13
Maintaining academic integrity in research
Avoiding Misconduct
Fabrication (inventing data)
Falsification (distorting data or results)Plagiarism (copying)Consider whether you have an intention to deceiveSlide14
Duplication, redundancy or
self plagiarism
Sending the same article to more than one journal
Using the data twice without a significantly different outcomeCopying your introduction for another piece of workUsing data generated from one degree e.g. MRes or MSc in another PhDSlide15
Reference
Scientists behaving badly
Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson & Raymond de
VriesNature 435, 737-738(9 June 2005)
The 'self-plagiarism' oxymoron: can one steal from oneself?Chrousos GP, Kalantaridou SN, Margioris
AN,
Gravanis
A.
Eur
J
Clin
Invest. 2012 Mar;42(3):231-2.
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/Slide16
Academic integrity. Plagiarism – what’s okay and what’s not
Erika Gavillet
Medical Librarian
Walton LibrarySlide17
Academic integrity – the dilemma
Show you have done your research…
BUT
…write something new and originalAppeal to experts and authorities…BUT…improve upon or disagree with experts and authoritiesSlide18
Academic integrity – the dilemma
Demonstrate you ability to write by mimicking what you hear and read…
BUT
…use your own words and voiceGive credit where credit is due…BUT…make your own significant contribution.Slide19
Academic integrity – the dilemma
Remember…supervisors and other readers will not be able to tell if plagiarism is deliberate or not.Slide20
You are under pressure with your lab experiment which then goes wrong. Your colleague ran a similar experiment last week and gives you the figures. You use them in your report. Is this:
Acceptable practice?
Plagiarism?
Collusion?Slide21
When writing your research, you take short phrases from a number of sources, add your own words to make a coherent structure and list all your sources in your bibliography. Is this:
Acceptable practice?
Plagiarism?
Collusion?Slide22
Tools for detecting plagiarism
JISC software
‘Watermarked’ e journals and books
Internet detection softwareExperienceSlide23Slide24Slide25
Tools for detecting plagiarism
JISC software
‘Watermarked’ e journals and books
Internet detection softwareExperienceSlide26
Types of plagiarismSlide27
For the following slides, demonstrating examples of plagiarism, I am indebted to South Bank University’s website:
Acceptable and Unacceptable use of non-original material
http://cise.sbu.ac.uk/plagposter/
[Accessed 5
th May 2008]Slide28
‘Copy and paste’
The writer copies the exact words that have already been published into their work without any indication of their origin.Slide29Slide30Slide31
Disguise
Some words are changed from the original source.
Arguably a more serious offence than ‘copy and paste’ as it indicates a deliberate attempt to pass the work off as the writer’s own.Slide32Slide33
Incorrect referencing
Where it is not made clear within the writer’s work which parts of the writing have been taken from the original source and which belong to them.Slide34Slide35
Mosiac
Fragments of the original are scattered between parts that the writer has written.
The sequence of ideas and examples show that it has been lifted directly from the original source.
The writer’s comments between add no value or make no difference to the writing.Slide36Slide37
Multiple sources
Where content is mixed from more than one source.
This does not make the writing any more original or valuableSlide38Slide39
Paraphrasing
In this example, nearly all the words are those of the writer
However
, the sequence, the ideas, the references used to support the arguments etc are identical to the original source.Slide40Slide41
Correct but inappropriate usage
No attempt to mislead or cheat…correctly acknowledged and formatted…
But so little of the writer’s work that it is pointless!Slide42Slide43
So…when should you give credit?
When you are referring to someone else’s words or ideas
When using information gained through interviewing someoneSlide44
So…when should you give credit? (cont..)
When you reproduce or reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or photos
When you choose to use the exact words or ‘unique phrase’ from another’s workSlide45
Making sure you are safe
Techniques to ensure that you can’t be accused of plagiarism…Slide46
When researching, note-taking, and interviewing
Make sure you indicate clearly when the words belong to someone else – use a ‘Q’ in the margin, or quotation marks.
Always keep a full record of your sources (page numbers, titles etc)
Always acknowledge in your final text using in-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks or indirect quotations.Slide47
When paraphrasing or summarising
Write your paraphrase or summary from memory – don’t look at the original text. Then check with the original for accuracy.
In your work, begin by giving credit:
According to Esther Blodgitt…If you want to use a unique phrase, put it in quotation marks: The Prime Minister’s response to the opposition was a “poisonous diatribe” (Blodgitt).Slide48
Quotes
Don’t use too many – it starts to look like there’s not many of your own ideas in your work
Mention the author somewhere in the sentence and use quotation marks.Slide49
You have found a fantastic article. You copy out a few sentences word for word, include quotation marks and an in text citation and include full details in your bibliography. Is this?
Acceptable practice?
Plagiarism?
Collusion?Slide50
You want to use a graph from a textbook. You contact the author who gives you permission and you reference it in your bibliography. Is this:
Acceptable practice?
Plagiarism?
Collusion?Slide51
Where to go for further information
Citing references
by David Fisher
Citing your references by David Bosworth
Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia LiUniversity Student Handbook
Academic integrity pages on the ResIN website:
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/resin/writing_up/academic_integrity/plagiarism.php
General academic good practice:
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/right-cite/Slide52
If you have been listening…
Thank you!
This is your opportunity to comment or ask questions…
Or later…medliaison@ncl.ac.uk