Summary In opening the West for settlement the federal government relocated Native Americans to vastly diminished homelands or eliminated them in military battles Immigrants African Americans amp white Americans eagerly moved into the new frontier to mine ranch amp establish farms New te ID: 695340
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Slide1
Chapter 13The American West
Summary
In opening the West for settlement, the federal government relocated Native Americans to vastly diminished homelands or eliminated them in military battles. Immigrants, African Americans & white Americans eagerly moved into the new frontier to mine, ranch & establish farms. New technologies & perseverance helped them survive in the new landscape
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
The Fight for the West
Mining & Ranching
Farming the PlainsSlide2
13.1 Do Now
Read “The Inside Story” – The Ghost Dance p. 4382Slide3
The Fight for the West (13.1)
3
The Main IdeaNative Americans fought the movement of settlers westward, but the U.S. military and the persistence of American settlers proved too strong to resist.
Reading Focus
How was the stage set for conflict between white settlers and Native Americans in the West?
What were the Indian Wars and their consequences?How did Native American resistance to white settlement end?
What was life like on the Indian Reservation?Slide4
I. Stage Set for Conflict
4Slide5
I. Stage Set for Conflict
5
Culture of the Plains Indians
Buffalo provided food, clothing, and shelter for the nomadic lifestyle of the Indians.
They did not believe land should be bought and sold, and white farmers felt it should be divided.
Government policy
Instead of continuing to move the Indians westward, the government changed its policy.
Indian land was seized, and they were forced onto reservations.
Objective: Describe how the stage was set for conflict between white settlers & Native Americans in the WestSlide6
I. Stage Set for Conflict
6
c. Destruction of the buffalo
The buffalo-centered way of life was threatened, with vast herds driven to extinction by reduced grazing lands and hunting for sport and profit.
By 1894 only about 25 buffalo survived
This
was caused by the following events…
Settlers’ oxen
& horses ate the buffalo’s food supply
New livestock brought with the settlers
spread diseases that killed the buffalo
Increased
demand for buffalo hides
Railroad
companies ordered “Buffalo Hunts” to thin out the herds
Objective: Describe how the stage was set for conflict between white settlers & Native Americans in the WestSlide7
II. The Indian Wars
7
a. Sand Creek Massacre
Army troops attacked and massacred surrendering Cheyenne.
Congressional investigators condemned the Army actions, but no one was punished in the Sand Creek Massacre
. Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences wereSlide8
II. The Indian Wars
8
After the massacre, Cheyenne and Sioux stepped up their raids. In
return for closing a sacred trail, the Sioux agreed to live on a reservation.
Other nations signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty and were moved to reservation lands in western Oklahoma.
b. Treaties
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences wereSlide9
II. The Indian Wars
9
George Armstrong Custer led his troops in headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost.
The
Battle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary victory for the Sioux. The
U.S. government was determined to put down the threat to settlers.
c. The Battle of the Little BighornObjective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences wereSlide10
II. The Indian Wars
10
d. Palo Duro Canyon
The Battle of Palo
Duro Canyon ended the Indian Wars on the southern Plains.
With their ponies killed and food stores destroyed, surviving Comanches moved onto the reservation.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences wereSlide11
II. The Indian Wars
11
The Ghost Dance was a religious movement that inspired hope among suffering Native Americans. Newspapers
began suggesting that this signaled a planned uprising.
The military killed Sitting Bull while attempting to arrest him in a skirmish.
e. The Ghost Dance
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences wereSlide12
II. The Indian Wars
12
The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred the day after the surrender.
Shooting
began after a gun went off, and the fleeing Sioux were massacred. This action marked the end of the bloody conflict between the army and the Plains Indians.
f. Wounded Knee
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences wereSlide13
II. The Indian Wars
13Slide14
III. Resistance Ends in the West
14
a. Resistance in the Northwest
The government took back nine-tenths of the Nez
Percé
land when gold miners and settlers came into the area.
Fourteen years later they were ordered to abandon the last bit of that land to move into Idaho.
Chief Joseph
tried to take his people into Canada, but the army forced their surrender less than forty miles from the Canadian border.
Chief Joseph and many others were eventually sent to northern Washington.
b. Resistance in the Southwest
The Apache people were moved onto a reservation near the Gila River in Arizona.
Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious gathering there, and
Geronimo
and others fled the reservation.
They raided settlements along the Arizona-Mexico border for years before finally being captured in 1886.
Geronimo and his followers were sent to Florida as prisoners of war. His surrender marked the end of armed resistance in the area.
Objective: Trace how Native American resistance to white settlement endedSlide15
IV. Life on the Reservations
15
a. The government wanted control over all the western territories and wanted Indians to live like white Americans.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the ReservationsSlide16
IV. Life on the Reservations
16
b. The Bureau of Indian Affairs began to erase the Indian culture through a program of
Americanization.
i. Indian
students could speak only English and could not wear their traditional clothing. They learned to live like Americans.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the ReservationsSlide17
IV. Life on the Reservations
17
The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up many reservations and turned Native Americans into individual property owners.
Ownership
was designed to transform their relationship to the land.
The
Indians received less productive land, and few had the money to start farms. i.
Most of the land given to the Indians was unsuitable for farming.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the ReservationsSlide18
Mining & Ranching (13.2)
18
The Main IdeaMany people sought fortunes during the mining and cattle booms of the American West.
Reading Focus
How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
Why did mining become big business?How and why did the cattle boom come to an end?Slide19
I. Striking Gold & Silver
19
Discovering gold and silver
After the California gold rush, Colorado was next.
Most who went there were disappointed, but the silver in the
Comstock Lode
in Nevada lasted for more than 20 years.
The Klondike gold rush
The Yukon Territory was the site of a huge gold rush, but getting there was treacherous.
Canadians required miners to bring a year’s worth of supplies with them, and that was a difficult task.
Reports
of “gold for the taking” were false.
Objective: Infer how mining led to new settlements in the WestSlide20
I. Striking Gold & Silver
20
c. Mining camps and towns
Thousands of men poured into mining areas. Camps were hastily built and had no law enforcement. Vigilante justice was used to combat theft and violence.
d. Camps become towns
Some camps developed into towns, with hastily constructed buildings of stores and saloons.
As towns developed, women and children came to join the men, making the towns more respectable. Townspeople established churches, newspapers, and schools.
Objective: Infer how mining led to new settlements in the WestSlide21
II. Mining as Big Business
21
a. Placer mining allowed individuals to pan for gold, but soon equipment was needed to dig deeper within the earth.
Large
companies were formed to invest in hydraulic mining
and hard-rock mining.
Prospectors became employees, working dangerous jobs for these companies.
Objective: Explain why mining became big businessSlide22
II. Mining as Big Business
22
Miners began to organize unions to negotiate safer working conditions and better pay.
Mining
companies resisted, and violence broke out. At
Cripple Creek, Colorado, the Western Federation of Miners faced off against the corporate mining interests. When
it was over, 30 men were left dead and the union was defeated. Objective: Explain why mining became big businessSlide23
III. The Cattle Boom
23
a. Origins of ranching
The Spanish were the first ranchers in the West, raising cattle under dry and difficult conditions.
They bred the hardy Texas longhorn and started sheep ranching.
Grazing lands were needed for both.
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an endSlide24
III. The Cattle Boom
24
Growing populations in the East needed food. The
age of the cattle drive had arrived.
Cowboys drove the cattle to towns with railroads to be shipped to meatpacking centers such as Chicago.
One of the most famous cattle trails was the Chisholm Trail.
b. Demand for beef
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an endSlide25
III. The Cattle Boom
25
Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire, allowing ranchers to enclose grazing lands.
Privately owned ranches spread quickly, and investors transformed the cattle business into big business.
Two years of severe winters brought huge losses to the industry.
c. Ranching as big business
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an endSlide26
III. The Cattle Boom
26Slide27
Farming the Plains (13.3)
27
The Main IdeaThe government promoted the settlement of the West, offering free or cheap land to those willing to put in the hard work of turning the land into productive farms.
Reading Focus
What incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West?
Which groups of people moved into the West, and why did they do so?What new ways of farming evolved in the West?Slide28
I. Incentives for Settlement
28
New legislation
In 1862, Congress passed three acts to turn public lands into private property.
The
Homestead Act
gave 160 acres of land to heads of household.
The
Pacific Railway Act
gave land to the railroad companies to build lines.
The
Morrill Act
gave lands to states for colleges for agriculture and the mechanic arts.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the WestSlide29
I. Incentives for Settlement
29
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the WestSlide30
I. Incentives for Settlement
30
b. Railroads encourage settlement
Railroads reaped profits by selling some of their land to settlers.
They placed ads to lure homesteaders to the West.
The Oklahoma Land Run of 1889 opened unassigned Indian land to settlers.
Over 50,000 people took part in the rush to stake a claim on these 2 million acres of land.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the WestSlide31
I. Incentives for Settlement
31
c. Closing of the frontier
In 1890 the Census Bureau issued a report, “
there can hardly be said to be a frontier line
.”
Historian
Frederick Jackson Turner stated in a famous essay that the existence of the frontier made the United States distinctive.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the WestSlide32
II. Migrating West
32
White settlers
Middle-class businesspeople or farmers from the Mississippi Valley moved west.
They could afford money for supplies and transportation.
African American settlers
Benjamin Singleton
urged his own people to build communities.
Some fled the violent South.
Rumors of land in Kansas brought 15,000
Exodusters
who also settled in Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois.
c. European settlers
Lured by economic opportunity, they came from Scandinavia, Ireland, Russia, and Germany.
They brought their farming experience with them.
d. Chinese settlers
Initially came for the gold rush or to build railroads
They turned to farming, especially in California, establishing the fruit industry there.
Most Chinese were farm laborers because they were not allowed to own land.
Objective: Explain which groups of people moved to the West & why they did soSlide33
III. New Way of Farming
33
New farmers faced harsh climate, scarce water, and lack of lumber.
Farmers installed windmill-driven pumps and used irrigation techniques.
They used the earth for shelter, first building
dugouts into hillsides, then making sod houses.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the WestSlide34
III. New Way of Farming
34
New farming equipment helped.
James
Oliver developed a sharper plow edge. Combine
harvesters used one operation to cut wheat, separate grains, and remove the husks. Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the WestSlide35
III. New Way of Farming
35
Giant bonanza farms operated like factories, and they reaped great profits during good seasons. i
. However, they could not handle the boom-and-bust farming cycles well, and by the 1890s, most bonanza farms had been broken up.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West