Orientation in 10 minutes Geert Hofstede January 2015 Origin of the term long versus shortterm orientation Coined by Hofstede in 1991 for a fifth dimension of ID: 548267
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Slide1
Long- versus Short-Term Orientation in 10 minutes
Geert Hofstede
January
2015Slide2
Origin of the term “long- versus short-term orientation”
Coined
by
Hofstede in 1991
for
a
fifth
dimension
of
differences
between
national
societies
Based
on
answers
of student samples
from
23
societies
around
1985
to
the Chinese Value Survey (CVS),
developed
by
Michael H. Bond
from
suggestions
by
Chinese
scholars
Replicated
and
extended
in 2010
by
Michael Minkov
based
on 1995-2004 World
Values
Survey (WVS) data
from
representative
samples of the
population
in 93
societiesSlide3
Long/Short Term Orientation as a societal culture dimension
Long-Term Orientation stands for the fostering in a society of pragmatic virtues oriented to future rewards, in particular perseverance, thrift, and adapting to changing circumstances
Its opposite pole, Short-Term Orientation, stands for the fostering in a society of virtues related to the past and the present, such as national pride, respect for tradition, preservation of
face
, and fulfilling social obligations
3Slide4
Long-Term Oriented societies
Good and evil are relative
Which norms apply depends on the situation
The superior person adapts to the circumstances
We should be humble about ourselves
We want to learn from other countries
Traditions can be changed
Opposing truths can be integratedCommon sense and choosing the middle way
Short-Term
Oriented societies
Good and evil are absolute
Fixed norms apply always, whatever the circumstances
The superior person is always the same
We seek positive information about ourselves
We are proud of our own country
Traditions are sacrosanct
Truth A always excludes its opposite B
Religious and ideological fundamentalismsSlide5
How are long- and short term orientation measured
?
There
is no absolute standard
for
L/S orientation
What
we can measure is differences between
societies
The
position
of
societies
relative
to
each
other
is
expressed
in a Long-Term
Orientation
Index score (LTO)
LTO
values
have been
plotted
on a
scale
from
0
to
100; scores close
to
0 stand
for
a
shorter
, scores close
to
100
for
a
longer
term
orientationSlide6
Some Long Term Orientation (LTO) scores, out of 93
High
88 Japan
87 China
83 Germany
81 Russia
67 Netherlands
63 France
61 Italy
53 Sweden
Low
51 Britain
51 India
38 Israel
26 U.S.A.
24 Mexico
21 Australia
13 Nigeria
07 Egypt Slide7
Some examples of
what
these LTO scores
correlate
with
Long Term Oriented societies
Secondary school students perform well at mathematicsSecondary school students underrate own math results
Large
savings quote, funds available for
investment
Companies seek market share, long-term profits
Investors prefer family business and real estate
In poor countries, faster
economic
growth
Short Term Oriented societies
Secondary school students perform poorly at mathematics
Secondary school students overrate own math results
Small savings quote, little money for investment
Companies report quarterly results, stress bottom
line
Investors prefer shares and mutual
funds
In poor countries, slower economic growthSlide8
Don’t the LTO scores change over time ?
The scores
reflect
values
transferred from parents to
children
; these values were already found in 15-year olds; values
acquired
in
childhood
rarely change in later lifeResearch by Sjoerd Beugelsdijk
comparing
answers to the same questions
by two
successive
generations
30
years
apart
showed
no worldwide shift and no changes in
the position
of
countries
Global information systems do affect private
habits
and business
practices
, but the way
they
do
so
varies
between
societies
according
to
pre-
existing
and
stable
societal
values