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Long- versus Short-Term Long- versus Short-Term

Long- versus Short-Term - PowerPoint Presentation

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Long- versus Short-Term - PPT Presentation

Orientation in 10 minutes Geert Hofstede January 2015 Origin of the term long versus shortterm orientation Coined by Hofstede in 1991 for a fifth dimension of ID: 548267

long term societies orientation term long orientation societies short scores values lto oriented school students countries secondary math savings

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Slide1

Long- versus Short-Term Orientation in 10 minutes

Geert Hofstede

January

2015Slide2

Origin of the term “long- versus short-term orientation”

Coined

by

Hofstede in 1991

for

a

fifth

dimension

of

differences

between

national

societies

Based

on

answers

of student samples

from

23

societies

around

1985

to

the Chinese Value Survey (CVS),

developed

by

Michael H. Bond

from

suggestions

by

Chinese

scholars

Replicated

and

extended

in 2010

by

Michael Minkov

based

on 1995-2004 World

Values

Survey (WVS) data

from

representative

samples of the

population

in 93

societiesSlide3

Long/Short Term Orientation as a societal culture dimension

Long-Term Orientation stands for the fostering in a society of pragmatic virtues oriented to future rewards, in particular perseverance, thrift, and adapting to changing circumstances

Its opposite pole, Short-Term Orientation, stands for the fostering in a society of virtues related to the past and the present, such as national pride, respect for tradition, preservation of

face

, and fulfilling social obligations

3Slide4

Long-Term Oriented societies

Good and evil are relative

Which norms apply depends on the situation

The superior person adapts to the circumstances

We should be humble about ourselves

We want to learn from other countries

Traditions can be changed

Opposing truths can be integratedCommon sense and choosing the middle way

Short-Term

Oriented societies

Good and evil are absolute

Fixed norms apply always, whatever the circumstances

The superior person is always the same

We seek positive information about ourselves

We are proud of our own country

Traditions are sacrosanct

Truth A always excludes its opposite B

Religious and ideological fundamentalismsSlide5

How are long- and short term orientation measured

?

There

is no absolute standard

for

L/S orientation

What

we can measure is differences between

societies

The

position

of

societies

relative

to

each

other

is

expressed

in a Long-Term

Orientation

Index score (LTO)

LTO

values

have been

plotted

on a

scale

from

0

to

100; scores close

to

0 stand

for

a

shorter

, scores close

to

100

for

a

longer

term

orientationSlide6

Some Long Term Orientation (LTO) scores, out of 93

High

88 Japan

87 China

83 Germany

81 Russia

67 Netherlands

63 France

61 Italy

53 Sweden

Low

51 Britain

51 India

38 Israel

26 U.S.A.

24 Mexico

21 Australia

13 Nigeria

07 Egypt Slide7

Some examples of

what

these LTO scores

correlate

with

Long Term Oriented societies

Secondary school students perform well at mathematicsSecondary school students underrate own math results

Large

savings quote, funds available for

investment

Companies seek market share, long-term profits

Investors prefer family business and real estate

In poor countries, faster

economic

growth

Short Term Oriented societies

Secondary school students perform poorly at mathematics

Secondary school students overrate own math results

Small savings quote, little money for investment

Companies report quarterly results, stress bottom

line

Investors prefer shares and mutual

funds

In poor countries, slower economic growthSlide8

Don’t the LTO scores change over time ?

The scores

reflect

values

transferred from parents to

children

; these values were already found in 15-year olds; values

acquired

in

childhood

rarely change in later lifeResearch by Sjoerd Beugelsdijk

comparing

answers to the same questions

by two

successive

generations

30

years

apart

showed

no worldwide shift and no changes in

the position

of

countries

Global information systems do affect private

habits

and business

practices

, but the way

they

do

so

varies

between

societies

according

to

pre-

existing

and

stable

societal

values