/
!BOUT�THE�AUTHOR !BOUT�THE�AUTHOR

!BOUTTHEAUTHOR - PDF document

alexa-scheidler
alexa-scheidler . @alexa-scheidler
Follow
380 views
Uploaded On 2016-03-11

!BOUTTHEAUTHOR - PPT Presentation

AMIEENNETTHASWORKEDASAPRISONMANAGERFOROVERTENYEARS HOLDINGPOSTSINCLUDINGDEPUTYGOVERNOROF07HITEMOOR AHIGHSECURITYPRISON DEPUTYGOVERNOROF0x0027ARTREE APRISONSPECI ID: 251009

*AMIE"ENNETTHASWORKEDASAPRISONMANAGERFOROVERTENYEARS HOLDINGPOSTSINCLUDINGDEPUTYGOVERNOROF(-07HITEMOOR AHIGHSECURITYPRISON DEPUTYGOVERNOROF(-0'ARTREE APRISONSPECI

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Pdf The PPT/PDF document "!BOUTTHEAUTHOR" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

!BOUT�THE�AUTHOR *AMIE�"ENNETT�HAS�WORKED�AS�A�PRISON�MANAGER�FOR�OVER�TEN�YEARS �HOLDING�POSTS�INCLUDING�DEPUTY�GOVERNOR�OF�(-0�7HITEMOOR �A�HIGH�SECURITY�PRISON �DEPUTY�GOVERNOR�OF�(-0�'ARTREE �A�PRISON�SPECIALISING�IN�MANAGING�LIFE�SENTENCE�PRISONERS �AND�HEAD�OF�THE�DANGEROUS�AND�SEVERE�PERSONALITY�DISORDER�UNIT�AT�(-0�7HITEMOOR�(E�IS�EDITOR�OF�THE�0RISON�3ERVICE�*OURNAL�AND�HAS�WRITTEN�WIDELY�ON�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�ISSUES�4HE�VIEWS�EXPRESSED�IN�THIS�PAPER�DO�NOT�REPRESENT�THOSE�OF�(-�0RISON�3ERVICE %DITED�BY� 7ILL�-C-AHON 0UBLISHED�BY #ENTRE�FOR�#RIME�AND�*USTICE�3TUDIES+INGS�#OLLEGE�,ONDON3TRAND,ONDON�7#2�,34EL���&AX���WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK4HE�#ENTRE�FOR�#RIME�AND�*USTICE�3TUDIES�AT�+INGS�#OLLEGE�,ONDON�IS�AN�INDEPENDENT�CHARITY�THAT�INFORMS�AND�EDUCATES�ABOUT�ALL�ASPECTS�OF�CRIME�AND�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�7E�PROVIDE�INFORMATION �PRODUCE�RESEARCH�AND�CARRY�OUT�POLICY�ANALYSIS�TO�ENCOURAGE�AND�FACILITATE�AN�UNDERSTANDING�OF�THE�COMPLEX�ISSUES�CONCERNING�CRIME2EGISTERED�#HARITY�.O�!�#OMPANY�,IMITED�BY�'UARANTEE2EGISTERED�IN�%NGLAND�.O�¹�#ENTRE�FOR�#RIME�AND�*USTICE�3TUDIES 4HE�VIEWS�EXPRESSED�IN�THIS�DOCUMENT�ARE�THOSE�OF�THE�AUTHORS�AND�NOT�NECESSARILY�THOSE�OF�THE�#ENTRE�FOR�#RIME�AND�*USTICE�3TUDIES!VAILABLE�IN�AN�ONLINE�FORMAT�ONLY 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESS�PRISON�AND�THE� DANGEROUS�CLASSES 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK )NTRODUCTION 4HESE�ARE�WORRYING�TIMES�!LMOST�EVERY�DAY �WHEN�WE�READ�A�NEWSPAPER �LISTEN�TO�THE�RADIO�OR�WATCH�THE�TELEVISION �WE�ARE�CONFRONTED�WITH�THREATS�TO�OUR�SAFETY �HEALTH�AND�WELL BEING�4HESE�RISKS�ARE�DIVERSE �DIFlCULT�TO�DETECT�AND�MANAGE �AND�SOMETIMES�CONTROVERSIAL �RANGING�ACROSS�ISSUES�SUCH�AS�IMMIGRATION �PANDEMICS �TERRORISM �AND�LIFESTYLE�CHOICES�SUCH�AS�SMOKING�CIGARETTES �DRINKING�ALCOHOL�AND�EATING�UNHEALTHILY�)T�HAS�BEEN�ARGUED�THAT�THIS�CONSTANT�BARRAGE�OF�FEAR�AND�ANXIETY INDUCING�RISKS�HAS�AFFECTED�HOW�INDIVIDUALS�VIEW�AND�UNDERSTAND�THE�WORLD�AROUND�THEM�/NE�SUCH�ARGUMENT�SUGGESTS�THAT�RISK�HAS�COME�TO�DOMINATE�OUR�VIEW�OF�THE�WORLD�AND�THAT�WE�HAVE�BECOME�OBSESSED�WITH�ATTEMPTS�TO�CONTROL�THESE�THREATS�4HIS�HAS�BEEN�DESCRIBED�AS�@DANGERIZATION �WHICH�IS�DElNED�AS�@4HE�TENDENCY�TO�PERCEIVE�AND�ANALYSE�THE�WORLD�THROUGH�CATEGORIES�OF�MENACE�)T�LEADS�TO�CONTINUOUS�DETECTION�OF�THREATS�AND�ASSESSMENT�OF�ADVERSE�PROBABILITIES �TO�THE�PREVALENCE�OF�DEFENSIVE�PERCEPTIONS�OVER�OPTIMISTIC�ONES�AND�TO�THE�DOMINANCE�OF�FEAR�AND�ANXIETY�OVER�AMBITION�AND�DESIRE�,IANOS�AND�$OUGLAS � �/NE�AREA�IN�WHICH�THIS�CONCERN�WITH�DANGEROUSNESS�HAS�BEEN�PARTICULARLY�PROMINENT�IS�IN�THE�lELD�OF�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�SEE�(OME�/FlCE � � �A �7HERE�ONCE�THERE�WAS�AN�OPTIMISTIC�AND�POSITIVE�AMBITION�THAT�THE�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�SYSTEM�SHOULD�BE�USED�SPARINGLY�AND�SHOULD�REHABILITATE�OFFENDERS�AND�PROVIDE�WELFARE�AND�SUPPORT�TO�THOSE�IN�NEED �IT�IS�ARGUED�HERE�THAT�THIS�HAS�BEEN�REPLACED�BY�MORE�CONSERVATIVE�AND�DEFENSIVE�APPROACHES�THAT�SEEK�TO�MINIMISE�AND�CONTAIN�RISK�THROUGH�AN�EXPANSION�OF�THE�APPARATUS�OF�CONTROL�4HIS�PAPER�SETS�OUT�TO�EXPLORE�HOW� 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK BY�CONVICTION�FOR�ANY�ONE�OF��VIOLENT�OFFENCES�AND��SEXUAL�OFFENCES �AND�THERE�IS�A�PRESUMPTION�AGAINST�LIBERTY�IN�FAVOUR�OF�IMPRISONMENT�FOR�A�SECOND�CONVICTION�OF�ANY�OF��DIFFERENT�OFFENCES�4HE�OFFENCES�THAT�CAN�TRIGGER�INDETERMINATE�DETENTION�RANGE�FROM�SOME�THAT�ARE�OBVIOUSLY�SERIOUS �SUCH�AS�MURDER �TO�OTHERS �SUCH�AS�KIDNAP�OR�MANSLAUGHTER �THAT�CAN�COVER�A�BROAD�RANGE�OF�CIRCUMSTANCES�OF�VARYING�SERIOUSNESS �TO�OTHERS �SUCH�AS�HAVING�INTERCOURSE�WITH�AN�ANIMAL �VOYEURISM�OR�EXPOSURE�THAT�DO�NOT�INVOLVE�DIRECT�AND�SERIOUS�HARM�4ONRY � �)T�CAN�BE�SAID�THAT �BEYOND�A�VERY�NARROW�CORE�OF�HARD�CASES �THE�BOUNDARIES�OF�WHAT�CONSTITUTES�THE�KIND�OF�BEHAVIOUR�THAT�CAN�BE�CONSIDERED�DANGEROUS�IS�OPEN�TO�DISPUTE�AND�CONTENTION�3ECOND �WHAT�DEGREE�OF�LIKELIHOOD�OF�FUTURE�RISK�SHOULD�BE�REQUIRED�BEFORE�AN�INDIVIDUAL�CAN�BE�SAID�TO�PRESENT�A�DANGER�OF�FUTURE�OFFENDING�)N�ORDER�TO�JUSTIFY�THE�IMPOSITION�OF�PROTECTIVE�MEASURES �SHOULD�DANGEROUSNESS�BE�ESTABLISHED�BEYOND�A�REASONABLE�DOUBT �ON�BALANCE�OF�PROBABILITIES �OR�BY�SOME�OTHER�LESSER �STANDARD�7HILE�A�DETAILED�EXAMINATION�OF�THE�EFFECTIVENESS�OF�CLINICAL�AND�ACTUARIAL�RISK�ASSESSMENT�TOOLS�IS�BEYOND�THE�SCOPE�OF�THIS�PAPER �THERE�ARE�SOME�SALIENT�POINTS�THAT�CAN�BE�DRAWN�FROM�RESEARCH�)N�TERMS�OF�RISK�ASSESSMENT �IT�HAS�BEEN�ESTABLISHED�THAT�ACTUARIAL�TOOLS �DRAWN�FROM�STATISTICAL�ANALYSIS�OF�DATA�ON�OFFENDERS �ARE�GENERALLY�MORE�RELIABLE�THAN�THE�CLINICAL�JUDGMENTS�OF�PROFESSIONALS�ALONE�-ATRAVERS�AND�(UGHES ��-ONAHAN� �BUT�EVEN�THEN �WHILE�THE�ACCURACY�OF�ACTUARIAL�TOOLS�WILL�BE�HIGH�FOR�VERY�FREQUENT�MINOR�OFFENCES �FOR�SERIOUS�VIOLENT�AND�SEXUAL�OFFENCES�THEIR�ACCURACY�IS�NOT�HIGH�AND�THERE�ARE�SIGNIlCANT�NUMBERS�OF�FALSE�POSITIVES�-ONAHAN � �!S�A�RESULT �THE�ABILITY�OF�ACTUARIAL�RISK�ASSESSMENT�TOOLS�TO�ACCURATELY�PREDICT�RISK�IN�TERMS�OF�DANGEROUSNESS�IS�LESS�POWERFUL�THAN�IS�COMMONLY�ASSUMED�"ROADHURST � �7ITHIN�THE�#RIMINAL�*USTICE�!CT� �THE�BURDEN�OF�PROOF�TO�BE�APPLIED�IN�DECIDING�WHETHER�THE�PUBLIC�PROTECTION�PROVISIONS�SHOULD�BE�ACTIVATED�IS�NOT�SPECIlCALLY�DElNED �AND�INSTEAD�THE�DECISION�IS�AT�THE�DISCRETION�OF�JUDGES�7HILE�CLINICAL�OR�ACTUARIAL�ASSESSMENTS�CAN�BE�USED�TO�INFORM�THESE�DECISIONS �EXPERIENCE�IN�OTHER�JURISDICTIONS�HAS�LED�TO�QUESTIONS�BEING�RAISED�ABOUT�THE�FAIRNESS�AND�COMPETENCE�OF�COURTS�TO�MAKE�DECISIONS�ON�DANGEROUSNESS�2USCHENA � �)T�CAN�BE�BROADLY�STATED�THAT�THE� 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK SHOWS�THAT�THERE�HAS�BEEN�A�DECLINE�IN�LEVELS�OF�CRIME�FOR�OVER�A�DECADE �THE�PUBLIC�ARE�BECOMING�INCREASINGLY�CONCERNED�ABOUT�THE�RISK�OF�CRIME �INCLUDING�SERIOUS�VIOLENT�AND�SEXUAL�CRIME�2OBERTS�ET�AL ��.ICHOLS�AND�7ALKER � �4HIS�HAS�BEEN�DESCRIBED�AS�@THE�PUNITIVE�PARADOX�THAT�FACES�ANYONE�TRYING�TO�UNDERSTAND�THE�RELATIONSHIP�BETWEEN�CRIME�POLICY�AND�THE�PUBLIC�2YAN � �P �4HE�MAJORITY�OF�THOSE�IMPRISONED�DO�NOT�PRESENT�A�HIGH�RISK�TO�THE�PUBLIC�SIMPLY�LOOKING�AT�SENTENCES�SHOWS�THAT�ONLY��PER�CENT�OF�PEOPLE�RECEIVED�INTO�CUSTODY�IN��HAD�RECEIVED�A�SENTENCE�OF�FOUR�YEARS�OR�MORE�IN�CUSTODY�(OME�/FlCE �B �.EVERTHELESS �IN�THE�PUBLIC�PERCEPTION �PRISONS�ARE�PLACES�BRIMMING�WITH�DANGEROUS�PEOPLE�4HIS�SECTION�WILL�EXPLORE�THE�ROLE�OF�POLITICIANS�AND�THE�MEDIA�IN�SHAPING�THESE�IDEAS�AND�THIS�CULTURE�OF�FEAR �AS�WELL�AS�CONSIDERING�THE�ROLE�OF�THE�PUBLIC�THEMSELVES�&ROM��ONWARDS �THE�ROLE�OF�LAW�AND�ORDER�IN�POLITICS�HAS�BECOME�INCREASINGLY�IMPORTANT�$OWNES�AND�-ORGAN � �!LL�MAINSTREAM�POLITICAL�PARTIES�NOW�COMPETE�ON�THE�ASSUMPTION�THAT�THEY�HAVE�TO�DEMONSTRATE�CREDIBLE�TOUGHNESS�IN�THE�FACE�OF�CRIME�AND�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�3PARKS � �2ECENTLY�THERE�HAS�BEEN�A�PUBLIC�COMMITMENT�NOT�ONLY�TO�MANAGE�THE�REALITY�OF�CRIME �BUT�ALSO�TO�MANAGE�CONCERN�ABOUT�CRIME�(OME�/FlCE � �ALTHOUGH�THIS�IS�A�NOTORIOUSLY�DIFlCULT�AIM�TO�ACHIEVE�2OBERTS � �(OWEVER �SOME�OF�THE�METHODS�THAT�THE�GOVERNMENT�CHOOSES�TO�ACHIEVE�THIS�AIM�RAISE�SIGNIlCANT�QUESTIONS�&OR�EXAMPLE �THE�7HITE�0APER�ON�SENTENCING �WHICH�FORMED�THE�BASIS�FOR�THE�#RIMINAL�*USTICE�!CT� �CONTAINED�A�SENTENCE�THAT�HAS�BEEN�WIDELY�CRITICISED�AS�EMOTIVE �PROVOCATIVE�AND�SIMPLISTIC�@4HE�PUBLIC�ARE�SICK�AND�TIRED�OF�A�SENTENCING�SYSTEM�THAT�DOES�NOT�MAKE�SENSE�4HEY�READ�ABOUT�DANGEROUS �VIOLENT �SEXUAL �AND�OTHER�SERIOUS�OFFENDERS�WHO�GET�OFF�LIGHTLY �OR�ARE�NOT�IN�PRISON�LONG�ENOUGH�(OME�/FlCE � �P �4HE�PAPER�WENT�ON�TO�SUPPORT�AN�EXPANSION�IN�THE�USE�OF�INDETERMINATE�SENTENCING�FOR�A�WIDE�RANGE�OF�OFFENCES�!�HIGH�PROlLE�REVIEW�OF�THE�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�SYSTEM �PUBLISHED�SHORTLY�AFTER�$R�*OHN�2EID�TOOK�UP�POST�AS�(OME�3ECRETARY�IN� �ALSO�HIGHLIGHTED�CONCERNS�ABOUT�@SERIOUS �VIOLENT�AND�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�(OME�/FlCE �A �P �SETTING�OUT�PLANS�FOR�IMPROVED�DETECTION �INCREASED�USE�OF�IMPRISONMENT�AND�MORE� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK A �4HE�0RISON�3ERVICE�LAUNCHED�ITS�OWN�$ANGEROUS�/FFENDER�3TRATEGY�IN��(-03 �A �4HIS�AIMED�TO�DRAW�TOGETHER�THE�WORK�TARGETED�AT�REDUCING�THE�RISK�POSED�BY�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�AND�TO�IMPROVE�LINKS�WITH�OTHER�AGENCIES�4HIS�STRATEGY�DElNES�A�DANGEROUS�OFFENDER�AS�@3OMEONE�WITH�CONVICTIONS�FOR�SEXUAL�OR�VIOLENT�OFFENCES�WHO�IS�ASSESSED�AS�PRESENTING�A�HIGH�OR�VERY�HIGH�RISK�OF�SERIOUS�HARM �IE�HARM�THAT�FROM�WHICH�THE�VICTIM�WOULD�lND�IT�DIFlCULT�OR�IMPOSSIBLE�TO�RECOVER�IBID �4HIS�IS�ANOTHER�BROAD�ATTEMPT�AT�A�GENERAL�DElNITION�4HE�MAIN�TASKS�OF�THE�0RISON�3ERVICE�ARE�DElNED�AS�IDENTIlCATION �RISK�MANAGEMENT�AND�RELEASE�%ACH�OF�THESE�WILL�BE�EXPLORED�FURTHER�BELOW )DENTIlCATION !S�WAS�DESCRIBED�IN�THE�INTRODUCTION �IDENTIFYING�WHO�SHOULD�COME�WITHIN�THE�CATEGORY�OF�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�IS�CONTESTED�AND�COMPLEX�4HERE�ARE�ALSO�CHALLENGES�IN�OPERATIONALISING�A�DElNITION�AS�WIDE�AS�THAT�USED�IN�PRISONS�4HE�MAIN�TOOL�USED�IN�PRISONS�AND�BY�PROBATION�IN�ORDER�TO�MEASURE�THE�RISK�OF�RE OFFENDING�IS�THE�/FFENDER�!SSESSMENT�3YSTEM�/!3YS �(-03 �A �4HIS�IS�AN�ACTUARIAL�TOOL�THAT�MEASURES�RISK�OF�RE OFFENDING�AND�RECONVICTION �AND�ALSO�THE�RISK�OF�THE�OFFENDER�CAUSING�SERIOUS�HARM�)N�TERMS�OF�PREDICTING�RE OFFENDING �THE�TOOL�WORKS�REASONABLY�WELL�4HERE�WAS�A�RECONVICTION�RATE�OVER�A�TWO YEAR�PERIOD�OF��PER�CENT�FOR�THE�LOW�LIKELIHOOD�GROUP ��PER�CENT�FOR�THE�MEDIUM�LIKELIHOOD�GROUP�AND��PER�CENT�FOR�THE�HIGH�LIKELIHOOD�GROUP�-OORE �(OWARD�AND�"URNS � �4HIS�IS�COMPARED�TO�AN�OVERALL�RECONVICTION�RATE�FOR�ADULT�MALE�OFFENDERS�OF��PER�CENT�(OME�/FlCE �A �(OWEVER �THIS�MEASURE�IS�BASED�ON�ANY�RECONVICTION�AND�DOES�NOT�TAKE�ACCOUNT�OF�SERIOUSNESS�4HE�ISSUE�OF�SERIOUSNESS�FALLS�WITHIN�THE�AMBIT�OF�THE�RISK�OF�HARM�ELEMENT�OF�THE�ASSESSMENT �AND�IT�IS�IN�THIS�AREA�THAT�THE�MOST�SERIOUS�CONCERNS�HAVE�BEEN�EXPRESSED�ABOUT�THE�/!3YS�TOOL�&OR�EXAMPLE �THE�SCREENING�ASSESSMENT�IS�OFTEN�INCOMPLETE�)NDEED �IT�WAS�SUGGESTED�THAT�THIS�WAS�ONLY�DONE�FULLY�IN�ABOUT��PER�CENT�OF�CASES �AND�EVEN�WHEN�THE�SCREENING�INDICATED�THAT�A�FULL�ANALYSIS�OF�RISK�WAS�REQUIRED �CLINICAL�DECISIONS�TO�EXEMPT�CASES�FROM�A�FULL�ASSESSMENT�WERE�MADE�INCONSISTENTLY�-OORE �(OWARD�AND�"URNS � �/NCE�A�FULL�ASSESSMENT�HAS�BEEN�COMPLETED �A�PRACTITIONER�THEN�HAS�TO�GRADE�THE�RISK�OF�SERIOUS�HARM�AS� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK 4HE�DELIVERY�OF�OFFENDING�BEHAVIOUR�PROGRAMMES�HAS�BECOME�PARTICULARLY�IMPORTANT�IN�PRISONS�4HESE�ARE�PROGRAMMES�THAT�HAVE�BEEN�RESEARCHED�AND�ACCREDITED�AS�BEING�EFFECTIVE�IN�REDUCING�THE�RISK�OF�RE OFFENDING�#OURSES�AVAILABLE�INCLUDE�SEX�OFFENDER�TREATMENT�PROGRAMMES �HEALTHY�RELATIONSHIPS�AIMED�AT�DOMESTIC�VIOLENCE �CONTROLLING�ANGER�AND�LEARNING�TO�MANAGE�IT �ENHANCED�THINKING�SKILLS�AND�COGNITIVE�SELF CHANGE�PROGRAMMES�4HESE�PROGRAMMES�HAVE�BEEN�PROVEN�TO�HAVE�A�BENElCIAL�IMPACT�OVERALL�IN�REDUCING�RE OFFENDING �ALTHOUGH�FOR�INDIVIDUAL�COURSES�THEIR�SUCCESS�IS�MIXED�&ALSHAW�ET�AL � �4HERE�WERE� �PROGRAMMES�DELIVERED�IN�PUBLIC�SECTOR�PRISONS �INCLUDING� �SEX�OFFENDER�TREATMENT�PROGRAMMES �IN� �(-03 � �SO�ABOUT��PER�CENT�OF�PEOPLE�WHO�WENT�THROUGH�PRISONS�RECEIVED�THIS�TYPE�OF�INTERVENTION�4HIS�IS�SPREAD�ACROSS�A�RANGE�OF�PRISONS �ALTHOUGH�THERE�IS�SOME�TARGETING�OF�HIGHER�RISK�OFFENDERS�&OR�EXAMPLE ��PER�CENT�OF�SEX�OFFENDER�TREATMENT�PROGRAMMES�ARE�DELIVERED�IN�CATEGORY�!�OR�CATEGORY�"�ADULT�PRISONS�WHICH�MAKE�UP��PER�CENT�OF�THE�TOTAL�POPULATION �WITH�THE�REMAINDER�BEING�CARRIED�OUT�IN�MEDIUM�AND�LOW�SECURITY�PRISONS �OR�IN�LOCAL�PRISONS�WITH�SHORT TERM�PRISONERS�(-03 � �&OR�ALL�OFFENDING�BEHAVIOUR�PROGRAMMES ��PER�CENT�ARE�DELIVERED�IN�THESE�HIGHER�SECURITY�PRISONS�)N�RELATION�TO�SUBSTANCE�MISUSE �RESEARCH�SUGGESTS�THAT�OVER�HALF�OF�PRISONERS�HAVE�A�PROBLEMATIC�DRUG�MISUSE�SUBSTANCE�PROBLEM�SEE�7HEATLEY � �4HERE�WERE� �INTERVENTIONS�DELIVERED�TO�PRISONERS�IN� �(-03 � �WHICH�MEANS�THAT�APPROXIMATELY��PER�CENT�OF�THE�TARGET�GROUP�RECEIVED�THESE�INTERVENTIONS�4HESE�ARE�NOT�TARGETED�AT�MORE�SERIOUS�OFFENDERS �WITH�ONLY��PER�CENT�OF�DRUG�INTERVENTIONS�BEING�DELIVERED�IN�CATEGORY�!�OR�"�PRISONS4HERE�ARE�ALSO�INTERVENTIONS�AIMED�AT�OTHER�RISK�AREAS�MORE�CLOSELY�LINKED�TO�SOCIAL�EXCLUSION �SUCH�AS�ACCOMMODATION �EDUCATION�AND�EMPLOYMENT�4HESE�INCLUDE� �EDUCATIONAL�ACCREDITATIONS�AND� �WORK�SKILLS�ACCREDITATIONS�BEING�ACHIEVED � �PRISONERS�BEING�RELEASED�WITH�A�SECURED�PLACE�IN�EDUCATION �TRAINING�OR�EMPLOYMENT �AND� �BEING�RELEASED�WITH�ACCOMMODATION�ARRANGED�IBID �4HESE�ARE�NOT�SPECIlCALLY�TARGETED�AT�THE�MORE� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK �PLACES�(-0S�&RANKLAND�AND�7HITEMOOR �AND�TWO�IN�HIGH�SECURE�HOSPITALS�PROVIDING��PLACES�2AMPTON�AND�"ROADMOOR �4HESE�UNITS�ARE�PART�OF�A�PILOT�PROJECT�AIMED�AT�BRIDGING�THE�GAP�BETWEEN�HEALTH�AND�PRISON�SERVICES�FOR�THE�MANAGEMENT�OF�THIS�PARTICULARLY�DIFlCULT�GROUP�0RIOR�TO�BEING�IDENTIlED�AS�MEETING�THE�CRITERIA �AN�EXTENSIVE�ASSESSMENT�PROCESS�IS�UNDERTAKEN�BASED�ON�CLINICAL�JUDGMENT�INFORMED�BY�A�RANGE�OF�ACTUARIAL�ASSESSMENTS �A�PROCESS�THAT�MAY�TAKE�THREE�OR�FOUR�MONTHS�TO�COMPLETE�$03$�0ROGRAMME � �/NCE�A�PERSON�IS�IDENTIlED�AS�MEETING�THESE�CRITERIA �THEY�ENTER�AN�INTERVENTION�PROGRAMME�THAT�MAY�LAST�SEVERAL�YEARS�7HILE�EVIDENCE�OF�LONG TERM�TREATMENT�BENElTS�OR�RISK�REDUCTION�IS�NOT�YET�AVAILABLE �EARLY�RESULTS�SHOW�A�REDUCED�LEVEL�OF�INSTITUTIONAL�VIOLENCE�AMONG�THE�GROUP�UNDERGOING�INTERVENTION�4AYLOR � �#LOSELY�LINKED�TO�THIS�IS�THE�DEVELOPMENT�OF�A�PILOT�PROGRAMME�FOR�PSYCHOPATHY �DEVELOPED�WITHIN�THE�0RISON�3ERVICE �KNOWN�AS�#(2/-)3�3AVIDGE � �4HIS�IS�A�WORLD LEADING�PROGRAMME �ACCREDITED�AS�BEING�EFFECTIVE�IN�REDUCING�RE OFFENDING�AMONG�THIS�GROUP�PREVIOUSLY�THOUGHT�TO�BE�UNTREATABLE�!LTHOUGH�THESE�PROGRAMMES�ARE�LIMITED�IN�THEIR�AVAILABILITY �THEY�ARE�NONETHELESS�IMPORTANT�4HEY�DEMONSTRATE�THAT�THERE�IS�A�SPIRIT�OF�INQUIRY�AMONG�PRISON�PROFESSIONALS �AND�A�DESIRE�TO�SHAPE�AN�ESSENTIALLY�PUNITIVE�ENVIRONMENT�INTO�ONE�THAT�CAN�BE�REHABILITATIVE �EVEN�FOR�SOME�OF�THE�MOST�DIFlCULT�OFFENDERS�THAT�THE�PUBLIC�AND�POLITICIANS�ARE�MOST�ANTAGONISTIC�TOWARDS�4HESE�CAN�BE�SEEN�AS�ACTS�OF�PROFESSIONAL�RESISTANCE�THAT�ATTEMPT�TO�AMELIORATE�THE�POTENTIAL�INHUMANITY�OF�IMPRISONMENT�#HELIOTIS � �4HESE�PROGRAMMES�COULD�ALSO�BE�DESCRIBED�AS�A�@REMORALISATION�OF�THE�PENAL�ENVIRONMENT �AN�ATTEMPT�TO�REBALANCE�THE�PRIORITY�BETWEEN�SECURITY�AND�RESPECT�FOR�THE�INDIVIDUAL�#ARLEN � �4HEY�SHOW�THE�POTENTIAL�FOR�TAKING�A�MORE�HOLISTIC�APPROACH�TO�THE�MOST�DIFlCULT�OFFENDERS�AND�ILLUSTRATE�THAT �FAR�FROM�TAKING�A�NEGATIVE�ATTITUDE �IN�SOME�CASES�PRISON�PROFESSIONALS�ARE�FASHIONING�AN�APPROACH�THAT�IS�AMBITIOUS�AND�OPTIMISTIC� 2ELEASE &OR�PRISONERS�SERVING�FOUR�YEARS�OR�MORE�IN�CUSTODY �THEIR�RELEASE�DATE�WILL�BE�DEPENDENT�UPON�THE�DECISION�OF�THE�PAROLE�BOARD�!N�EARLIER�RELEASE�DATE�CAN�BE�GRANTED�WHERE�IT�IS�CONSIDERED�THAT� 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK AN�INDIVIDUAL�WILL�NOT�OFFEND�DURING�THE�PERIOD�IN�WHICH�THEY�WOULD�HAVE�BEEN�IN�CUSTODY�/FFENDING�RATES�HAVE�ALWAYS�BEEN�VERY�LOW�FOR�THOSE�RELEASED�ON�PAROLE �AND�THIS�IS�CURRENTLY��PER�CENT�0AROLE�"OARD � �(OWEVER �PUBLIC�CONCERN�ABOUT�A�SMALL�NUMBER�OF�HIGH�PROlLE�OFFENCES�HAS�LED�TO�GREATER�SCEPTICISM�ABOUT�RELEASING�OFFENDERS�WHO�COULD�BE�PERCEIVED�AS�DANGEROUS�)N�THE�lRST�HALF�OF� �THE�RATE�OF�RELEASE�ON�PAROLE�FELL�FROM��PER�CENT�TO�LESS�THAN��PER�CENT�!NONYMOUS � �4HIS�SHOWS�THAT�PROFESSIONAL�BODIES�ARE�RESPONDING�TO�PUBLIC�CONCERNS �ALTHOUGH�IT�COULD�BE�ARGUED�THAT�THEY�ARE�DOING�SO�IN�A�DRACONIAN�AND�EXCESSIVE�WAY�/NCE�PRISONERS�REACH�THE�END�OF�THEIR�SENTENCE �BUT�ARE�STILL�CONSIDERED�TO�BE�DANGEROUS �ARRANGEMENTS�NEED�TO�BE�MADE�TO�MANAGE�THEM�SAFELY�IN�THE�COMMUNITY�4HIS�IS�DONE�UNDER�MULTI AGENCY�PUBLIC�PROTECTION�ARRANGEMENTS�-!00! �(-03 �C �4HESE�ARRANGEMENTS�COVER�ANYONE�SENTENCED�TO�MORE�THAN��MONTHS�IMPRISONMENT�OR�LONGER�FOR�A�SEXUAL�OR�VIOLENT�OFFENCE�4HIS�IS�A�MEASURABLE�BUT�VERY�WIDE�DElNITION�)T�IS�ESTIMATED�THAT�THERE�IS�A�TOTAL�CASELOAD�OF�OVER� �./-3 �A �4HERE�ARE�THREE�LEVELS�OF�CASES�,EVEL��CAN�BE�MANAGED�BY�ONE�AGENCY�IE�USUALLY�PROBATION �LEVEL��REQUIRES�MORE�THAN�ONE�AGENCY�AND�LEVEL��REQUIRES�CO ORDINATION�AMONG�VARIOUS�AGENCIES�4HERE�ARE�APPROXIMATELY� �IN�LEVEL��7HILE�THE�DEVELOPMENT�OF�-!00!�REPRESENTS�SOME�OF�THE�LESSONS�LEARNED�FROM�WHAT�IS�PERCEIVED�AS�GOOD�PRACTICE�+EMSHALL � �AND�THERE�WERE�ALSO�HOPES�THAT�THESE�ARRANGEMENTS�WOULD�FOSTER�POSITIVE�COMMUNITY�INVOLVEMENT�THROUGH�INITIATIVES�SUCH�AS�#IRCLES�OF�3UPPORT�AND�!CCOUNTABILITY�FOR�SEXUAL�OFFENDERS�"RYAN�AND�0AYNE � �THE�REALITY�MAY�BE�SOMEWHAT�DIFFERENT'ARLAND� �HAS�DESCRIBED�THE�SPACE�BETWEEN�THE�COMMUNITY�AND�PRISONS�AS�HAVING�BECOME�MORE�STRICTLY�ENFORCED �AND�THAT�@4HOSE�OFFENDERS�WHO�ARE�RELEASED�hINTOv�THE�COMMUNITY�ARE�SUBJECT�TO�MUCH�TIGHTER�CONTROL�THAN�PREVIOUSLY �AND�CONDITIONS�THAT�CONTINUE�TO�RESTRICT�THEIR�FREEDOM�&OR�MANY�OF�THESE�PAROLEES�AND�EX CONVICTS �THE�hCOMMUNITYv�INTO�WHICH�THEY�ARE�RELEASED�IS�ACTUALLY�A�CLOSELY�MONITORED�TERRAIN �A�SUPERVISED�SPACE �LACKING�MUCH�OF�THE�LIBERTY�THAT�ONE�ASSOCIATES�WITH�hNORMAL�LIFEv�P � 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK THOSE�ON�HOME�DETENTION�CURFEW �ALTHOUGH�THIS�HAS�STABILISED�(OME�/FlCE �B �)T�HAS�BEEN�ARGUED�THAT�THIS�DRAMATIC�INCREASE�IS�NOT�THE�RESULT�OF�CHANGES�IN�THE�BEHAVIOUR�OF�RELEASED�OFFENDERS�OR�THE�SOCIAL�CIRCUMSTANCES�IN�WHICH�THEY�LIVE �BUT�IS�THE�RESULT�OF�THE�USE�OF�MORE�STRINGENT�LICENCE�CONDITIONS�AND�A�MORE�PUNITIVE�APPROACH�TO�ENFORCEMENT�0ADlELD�AND�-ARUNA � �A�VIEW�THAT�SEEMS�TO�BE�SUPPORTED�BY�THE�-!00!�STATISTICS�DESCRIBED�EARLIER�0ADlELD�AND�-ARUNA�DESCRIBE�THIS�AS�THE�@BACK�DOOR�INTO�PRISON �AS�OPPOSED�TO�THE�@FRONT�DOOR�OF�SENTENCING �AND�THEY�HIGHLIGHT�A�NUMBER�OF�CONCERNS�THAT�THIS�RAISES�IN�TERMS�OF�COST �DISCRIMINATION�IN�THE�IMPACT�OF�ENFORCEMENT �AND�THE�INEFFECTIVENESS�OF�RECALL�AS�A�TOOL�OF�REDUCING�RE OFFENDING �AS�WELL�AS�HIGHLIGHTING�HUMAN�RIGHTS�CONCERNS�4HOSE�WHO�ARE�IDENTIlED�AS�BEING�DANGEROUS�ARE�LIKELY�TO�BE�SUBJECTED�TO�DEMANDING�CONDITIONS�AND�STRINGENT�SUPERVISION�IN�THE�COMMUNITY �AND�FACE�THE�PROSPECT�OF�BEING�RETURNED�TO�CUSTODY�IF�THEY�DO�NOT�MEET�THOSE�CONDITIONS�4HE�EFFECTIVENESS�OF�THIS�APPROACH�IS�HIGHLY�QUESTIONABLE�)NDEED �IT�MAY�BE�COUNTER PRODUCTIVE�IN�AS�MUCH�AS �FOR�THOSE�OFFENDERS�SUBJECT�TO�COMMUNITY�SUPERVISION �THE�CONDITIONS�MAY�BE�SUCH�THAT�THEY�lND�IT�MORE�DIFlCULT�TO�DESIST�FROM�CRIME �AND�IT�MAY�ALSO�DEmECT�CONCERN�AND�RESOURCES�AWAY�FROM�SUPERVISION�AND�CRIME�PREVENTION�IN�OTHER�AREAS� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESS #RIME�AND�PUNISHMENT�DO�NOT�EXIST�IN�ISOLATION �BUT�BOTH�ARE�A�REmECTION�OF�AND�AN�INSTITUTION�THAT�SHAPES�THE�COMMUNITY�)N�7INSTON�#HURCHILLS�FAMOUS�WORDS �@THE�MOOD�AND�TEMPER�OF�THE�PUBLIC�IN�REGARD�TO�THE�TREATMENT�OF�CRIME�AND�CRIMINALS�IS�ONE�OF�THE�MOST�UNFAILING�TESTS�OF�THE�CIVILISATION�OF�ANY�COUNTRY�CITED�IN�'ILBERT � �P �4HIS�SECTION�EXPLORES�THE�SOCIAL�CONSEQUENCES�OF�THE�OBSESSION�WITH�DANGEROUSNESS �IN�PARTICULAR �THE�EXPANDING�PRISON�POPULATION �INCREASING�SOCIAL�INEQUALITY�AND�PUNITIVENESS� %XPANDING�PRISON�POPULATION 4HE�PRISON�POPULATION�HAS�EXPLODED�OVER�THE�LAST��YEARS �INCREASING�FROM�AROUND� �IN�THE�EARLY�S�(OME�/FlCE �A �TO�OVER� 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK ABOVE �THE�EXPANSION�IS�ALSO�BEING�FED�FROM�THE�BACK�DOOR�OF�REDUCED�USE�OF�DISCRETIONARY�RELEASE�AND�INCREASED�RECALLS�!S�WELL�AS�PHYSICALLY�EXPANDING�THE�PRISON�POPULATION �CLAIMS�ABOUT�DANGEROUSNESS�PROVIDE�MORAL�LEGITIMACY�TO�THE�POLICY�OF�EXPANDING�PRISON�POPULATIONS�4HE�ARGUMENT�BEING�PRESENTED�AND�PUBLICLY�CONSUMED�IS�THAT�THE�EXPANSION�IN�THE�PRISON�POPULATION�IS�A�RESULT�OF�MORE�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�BEING�IMPRISONED�4HE�GOVERNMENT�REVIEW�OF��ARGUED�THAT�PRISON�WAS�EFFECTIVE�AT�INCAPACITATING�OFFENDERS �ARGUING�THAT�THE�INCREASED�PRISON�POPULATION�WAS�@PROTECTING�THE�PUBLIC�FROM�THOUSANDS�OF�OFFENCES�A�YEAR�WHICH�MIGHT�OTHERWISE�HAVE�OCCURRED�(OME�/FlCE �A �P �4HERE�WAS�NO�MEANINGFUL�EVIDENCE�PRODUCED�FOR�SUCH�AN�ARGUMENT�4HE�REVIEW�ALSO�ANNOUNCED�AN�EXPANSION�OF�THE�PRISON�ESTATE �ADDING� �NEW�PLACES �STATING�@0RISON�CAPACITY�SHOULD�BE�DETERMINED�BY�THE�NEED�FOR�PLACES�)F�PEOPLE�NEED�TO�BE�IN�PRISON �THE�PLACES�WILL�BE�MADE�AVAILABLE�IBID �P �4HIS�REVIEW�IS�BASED�ON�AN�UNDElNED�VIEW�OF�DANGEROUSNESS �A�CONTESTABLE�ARGUMENT�THAT�PRISON�IS�EFFECTIVE�IN�DEALING�WITH�THIS�ISSUE�AND�AN�ASSUMPTION�THAT�EVEN�MORE�IMPRISONMENT�IS�REQUIRED�4HESE�ARGUMENTS�ARE�NOT�RATIONALLY�PRESENTED�BUT�INSTEAD�ARE�EMOTIONALLY�CHARGED�APPEALS �EXCITING�AND�PROVOKING�THE�MOOD�AND�TEMPER�OF�THE�PUBLIC�7ITH�THE�CREATION�OF�THE�-INISTRY�OF�*USTICE�IN�-AY� �THIS�APPROACH�DID�NOT�SIGNIlCANTLY�ALTER�)NDEED �THE�MINISTRY�SIGNALLED�ITS�SUPPORT�BY�RE EMPHASISING�THE�COMMITMENT�TO�@ENSURE�THAT�PRISON�PLACES�ARE�AVAILABLE�TO�PROTECT�THE�PUBLIC�FROM�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�-INISTRY�OF�*USTICE � �P �AND�TO�ENSURE�THAT�@DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�ARE�KEPT�IN�PRISON�UNTIL�THEY�NO�LONGER�POSE�A�DANGER�IBID �P � )NCREASING�SOCIAL�INEQUALITY 4HE�PRISON�POPULATION�DOES�NOT�MIRROR�THE�DEMOGRAPHIC�COMPOSITION�OF�THE�WIDER�COMMUNITY �BUT�INSTEAD�IS�SKEWED �WITH�AN�OVER REPRESENTATION�OF�MARGINALISED�GROUPS�&OR�EXAMPLE �PRISONS�IN�THE�5+�HAVE�AN�OVER REPRESENTATION�OF�BLACK�AND�MINORITY�ETHNIC�COMMUNITIES �PEOPLE�WHO�HAVE�BEEN�IN�CARE �HAVE�LOW�LEVELS�OF�LITERACY�AND�NUMERACY �ARE�HOMELESS�OR�JOBLESS�OR�HAVE�MENTAL�HEALTH�PROBLEMS�3OCIAL�%XCLUSION�5NIT � �0EOPLE�IN�THE�MOST�MARGINALISED�AND�ECONOMICALLY�DEPRIVED�COMMUNITIES�ARE�MOST�LIKELY�TO�BE�THE�VICTIMS�AND�PERPETRATORS�OF�SERIOUS�CRIME�$ORLING � 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK  �!S�A�RESULT �APPROACHES�THAT�LEAD�TO�AN�INCREASED�USE�OF�IMPRISONMENT�DO�NOT�FALL�EVENLY�ACROSS�THE�WHOLE�OF�THE�COMMUNITY�BUT�ARE�FELT�MOST�KEENLY�WITHIN�THESE�PARTICULAR�GROUPS�)T�HAS�BEEN�ARGUED�THAT�PRISON�IS�AN�INSTITUTION�THAT�@IS�WOVEN�DEEP�INTO�THE�FABRIC�AND�LIFECOURSE�OF�THE�LOWER�CLASSES�ACROSS�GENERATIONS�7ACQUANT � �!S�A�RESULT �THE�OBSESSION�WITH�DANGEROUSNESS�AND�THE�EXPANSION�OF�THE�PRISON�POPULATION�ACTS�TO�PERPETUATE �MAINTAIN�AND�EXACERBATE�SOCIAL�INEQUALITY �BASED�ON�RACIAL�DISCRIMINATION�7ACQUANT � �OR�ECONOMIC�POVERTY�-ARCHETTI � �!S�WELL�AS�THIS�DIRECT�CONSEQUENCE�ON�INDIVIDUALS�AND�COMMUNITIES�EXPERIENCING�SOCIAL�EXCLUSION �THE�OBSESSION�WITH�DANGEROUSNESS�ALSO�ACTS�TO�REINFORCE�SOCIAL�EXCLUSION�MORE�GENERALLY�&IRST �IT�DEmECTS�AND�NEUTRALISES�CONCERNS�ABOUT�SOCIAL�INEQUALITY�)F�PARTICULAR�GROUPS�OR�INDIVIDUALS�ARE�REPRESENTED�AS�BEING�DANGEROUS �THIS�PROVIDES�A�PEJORATIVE �EMOTIVE�AND�DELEGITIMISING�EFFECT�IN�AS�MUCH�AS�IT�MAKES�THE�VIEWS�OF�THAT�GROUP�UNDESERVING�OF�ATTENTION�"Y�REPRESENTING�INDIVIDUALS�AS�DANGEROUS �THIS�ALSO�FOCUSES�ATTENTION�ON�THEIR�INDIVIDUAL�ACCOUNTABILITY�AND�PATHOLOGY�TO�THE�EXCLUSION�OF�QUESTIONS�ABOUT�WHY�THIS�OCCURS�MORE�FREQUENTLY�IN�CERTAIN�GROUPS �AND�WHETHER�WIDER�SOCIAL�CONDITIONS�CONTRIBUTE�TOWARDS�THIS�)T�WAS�ON�THIS�BASIS�THAT�(ILLYARD�AND�4OMBS� �ARGUED�THAT�THE�NOTION�OF�CRIME�WAS�LIMITED �NARROW�AND�INDIVIDUALISTIC�AND�THAT�IT�WOULD�BE�PREFERABLE�TO�CONSIDER�ISSUES�OF�@SOCIAL�HARM �A�CONCEPT�THAT�IS�MORE�BROAD�AND�ENCOMPASSES�A�WIDER�RANGE�OF�EFFECTS�&OR�EXAMPLE �THEY�ARGUE�THAT�AN�OBSESSION�WITH�GROUPS�SUCH�AS�OFFENDERS �THE�YOUNG�AND�THOSE�SEEKING�ASYLUM�MEANS�THAT�ISSUES�THAT�AFFECT�A�MUCH�WIDER�GROUP�OF�PEOPLE�ARE�IGNORED �ISSUES�SUCH�AS�HEALTH�AND�SAFETY�AT�WORK �WHICH�RESULT�IN�MORE�DEATHS�THAN�MURDER�4OMBS � �OR�ROAD�TRAFlC�ACCIDENTS�4HE�REASON�FOR�THE�DIFFERENTIAL�LEVEL�OF�CONCERN�AND�ATTENTION�IS�THAT�WHILE�EMPLOYERS�AND�OTHER�POWERFUL�ECONOMIC�GROUPS�CAN�AVOID�SCRUTINY �IT�IS�THE�HARMS�CAUSED�BY�THE�MARGINALISED�AND�POWERLESS�THAT�ARE�TARGETED�FOR�CONTROL�RATHER�THAN�THOSE�OF�THE�POWERFUL�)T�IS�ARGUED�HERE�THAT�THE�LEGITIMATION�OF�CRIME�CONTROL�THROUGH�THE�IDEA�OF�DANGEROUSNESS�IS�A�MEANS�TO�REINFORCE�ESTABLISHED�POWER�STRUCTURES�AND�INEQUALITY!�SECOND�SENSE�IN�WHICH�THE�ISSUE�OF�DANGEROUSNESS�ACTS�TO�REINFORCE�SOCIAL�EXCLUSION�IS�THAT�IT�REDUCES�THE�AVAILABILITY�OF� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK OF�THIS�APPROACH�INCLUDE�HARSH�AND�DEGRADING�PUNISHMENTS�THAT�CHALLENGE�TRADITIONAL�NOTIONS�OF�HUMAN�RIGHTS �SUCH�AS�DISPROPORTIONATE�SENTENCING �INCLUDING�lXED�AND�INDETERMINATE�SENTENCES �AND�PUNISHMENTS�DESIGNED�TO�SHAME�AND�HUMILIATE�OFFENDERS �SUCH�AS�PETTY�RULES �EXHAUSTING�MENIAL�WORK�AND�THE�WITHDRAWAL�OF�@PRIVILEGES�4HE�IMPOSITION�OF�SUCH�BARE�POWER�HAS�BEEN�DESCRIBED�AS�AN�@ARCHAIC�x�SHOW�OF�PUNITIVE�FORCE�'ARLAND � �PP  �4HIS�APPROACH�CAN�PARTICULARLY�BE�SEEN�IN�THE�INCREASINGLY�STRINGENT�POST RELEASE�SUPERVISION�ARRANGEMENTS�DESCRIBED�ABOVE�(OWEVER �IT�IS�ALSO�DETECTABLE�IN�SOME�PRISON�PRACTICES �INCLUDING�AN�INCREASING�FOCUS�ON�SECURITY�AND�IDEAS�OF�HIGH�RELIABILITY�"ENNETT�AND�(ARTLEY � �AN�APPROACH�THAT�CAN�UPSET�THE�SOCIAL�ORDER�IN�PRISONS�3PARKS �"OTTOMS�AND�(AY � �OR�ENCOURAGE�THE�OVERUSE�OF�SECURITY�MEASURES�TO�THE�POINT�THAT�THIS�LEADS�TO�INHUMANITY�#OYLE � �)T�CAN�ALSO�BE�SEEN�IN�REGULAR�PUBLIC�AND�MEDIA�CRITICISM�OF�PERCEIVED�LUXURIES�IN�PRISONS �SUCH�AS�ACCESS�TO�TELEVISION�)T�HAS�BEEN�ARGUED�THAT�THE�APPROACH�OF�NEW�PUNITIVENESS�CAN�LEAVE�PRISONS�AS�LITTLE�MORE�THAN�@A�CONTAINER�FOR�HUMAN�GOODS�0RATT�ET�AL � �PXIII �)N�THE�5+ �THERE�IS�PROFESSIONAL�RESISTANCE�TO�PUNITIVENESS�IN�PRISONS �PARTICULARLY�THROUGH�THE�OFlCIALLY�PROMOTED�@DECENCY�AGENDA �AN�APPROACH�THAT�SUPPORTS�AND�ENCOURAGES�THE�RECOGNITION�OF�BOTH�THE�RIGHTS�OF�PRISONERS�AND�THEIR�DIGNITY�AS�INDIVIDUALS�SEE�#OYLE � �(OWEVER �THE�DEHUMANISING�OF�PRISONERS�ARISING�FROM�THEIR�REPRESENTATION�AS�DANGEROUS�INDIVIDUALS�CREATES�A�PUBLIC�PRESSURE�FOR�DEHUMANISING�PRISON�CONDITIONS�AND�A�PUBLIC�AMBIVALENCE�ABOUT�THE�NEGLECT�OF�PRISONERS� #ONCLUSION�A�DANGEROUS�STATE� )N�THE�5+ �THE�POPULATION�IS�FEARFUL�!MONG�THE�MOST�PROMINENT�OF�THE�MYRIAD�OF�TERRIFYING�THREATS�IS�THAT�OF�CRIME �PARTICULARLY�VIOLENT�AND�SEXUAL�CRIME�4HIS�FEAR�HAS�GROWN�DRAMATICALLY�DESPITE�A�DECLINE�IN�THE�ACTUAL�LEVEL�OF�CRIME�4HESE�POPULAR�CONCERNS�HAVE�LINKED�WITH�POLITICAL�POSTURING�AND�MEDIA�MARKETING�TO�FORM�A�VICIOUS�CIRCLE�THAT�HAS�CONSTANTLY�HYPED�THE�THREAT�FROM�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�$ANGEROUSNESS�HAS�BECOME�A�WIDELY�USED�BUT�POORLY�UNDERSTOOD�CONCEPT�)T�HAS�COME�TO�BE�USED�TO�COVER� 7HOSE�*USTICE WWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK A�WIDE�RANGE�OF�OFFENCES�AND�HAS�JUSTIlED�THE�GREATER�USE�OF�MORE�PUNITIVE�SENTENCING�4HIS�EXCLUSIVE�FOCUS �THIS�OBSESSION�WITH�DANGEROUSNESS �HAS�OBSCURED�THE�REAL�NATURE�OF�THE�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�SYSTEM�IT�BUILDS�A�PICTURE�OF�OFFENDERS�AS�COMMITTING�MORE�SERIOUS�OFFENCES�AND�PRESENTING�A�GREATER�RISK�THAN�IS�THE�REALITY�IT�EXCLUDES�CONSIDERATION�OF�THE�SOCIAL�ISSUES�THAT�CONTRIBUTE�TOWARDS�CRIME�AND�IT�SUPPORTS�THE�VIEW�THAT�IMPRISONMENT�IS�THE�MOST�EFFECTIVE�WAY�OF�DEALING�WITH�THE�PROBLEM�OF�CRIME�)T�HAS�BEEN�DESCRIBED�THAT�@THE�GROWTH�OF�A�SOCIAL�AND�CULTURAL�DIVIDE�BETWEEN�hUSv�AND�hTHEMv�TOGETHER�WITH�NEW�LEVELS�OF�FEAR�AND�INSECURITY �HAS�MADE�MANY�COMPLACENT�ABOUT�THE�EMERGENCE�OF�A�MORE�REPRESSIVE�STATE�POWER�'ARLAND � �P �4HIS�COULD�BE�TAKEN�FURTHER�TO�ARGUE�THAT �AS�WELL�AS�THE�EMERGENCE�OF�THIS�CULTURE�OF�CONTROL �IT�HAS�ALSO�LED�TO�A�COLLECTIVE�AMBIVALENCE�ABOUT�SOCIAL�INEQUALITY�7ITHIN�PRISONS �MANY�OF�THE�FEATURES�OF�THE�GENERAL�APPROACH�TO�DANGEROUSNESS�ARE�REPRODUCED �INCLUDING�IMPRECISION �OVERUSE�OF�POWER�AND�THE�CRIMINALISATION�OF�POVERTY�(OWEVER �PRISONS�ARE�DISTINGUISHED�BY�THE�IMPORTANT�ACTS�OF�PROFESSIONAL�RESISTANCE �WHICH�ARE�PARTICULARLY�EVIDENT�IN�THE�INNOVATIVE�TREATMENT�PROGRAMMES�THAT�ARE�BEING�DELIVERED�TO�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�AND�THE�PROMOTION�OF�A�DECENCY�AGENDA�4HESE�APPROACHES�LOOK�BEYOND�THE�LABELS�TO�SEE�THESE�PEOPLE�AS�INDIVIDUALS�AND�TO�HUMANISE�THEIR�TREATMENT�4HE�CONSEQUENCES�OF�THIS�OBSESSION�WITH�DANGEROUSNESS�ARE�SERIOUS�4HERE�IS�AN�EVER INCREASING�PRISON�POPULATION �WHICH�EXACERBATES�SOCIAL�INEQUALITY�AND�IS�UNDERPINNED�BY�ATTITUDES�THAT�ENCOURAGE�MORE�PUNITIVE�CONDITIONS�)T�IS�ARGUED �THEREFORE �THAT�THIS�IS�CONTRIBUTING�TOWARDS�A�MORAL�IMPOVERISHMENT�OF�SOCIETY�AND�IS�UNDERMINING�CARE�AND�COMPASSION�IN�SOCIAL�POLICY�)NDEED �IT�COULD�BE�ARGUED�THAT�CRIMINAL�JUSTICE�POLICY�HAS�SURPASSED�SOCIAL�POLICY�AS�THE�PRIMARY�APPROACH�TO�DOMESTIC�CIVIC�MANAGEMENT�)T�HAS�BEEN�SUGGESTED�BY�.ILS�#HRISTIE� �THAT�THESE�ARE�THE�CIRCUMSTANCES�IN�WHICH�NOT�ONLY�SHOULD�WE�BE�ASKING�QUESTIONS�ABOUT�DANGEROUS�OFFENDERS�BUT�WE�SHOULD�ALSO�BE�ASKING�WHETHER�THE�STATE�ITSELF�IS�BECOMING�DANGEROUS�TO�ITS�CITIZENS�AS�A�RESULT�OF�ITS�PENAL�POLICY� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK (OUCHIN �2� �3OCIAL�%XCLUSION�AND�)MPRISONMENT�!�2EPORT �'LASGOW�#ALEDONIAN�5NIVERSITY �AVAILABLE�AT�HTTPWWWSPSGOVUKMULTIMEDIAGALLERY#$&"&" %  $ !"&%PDF�ACCESSED��/CTOBER� ��+EMSHALL �(� �@(IGH�RISK�OFFENDERS�A�CONSIDERATION�OF�@BEST�PRACTICE�n�MULTI AGENCY�PUBLIC�PROTECTION�ARRANGEMENTS�-!00!  �0RISON�3ERVICE�*OURNAL �.O� �PP +ING �!�AND�-ARUNA �3� �@4HE�FUNCTION�OF�lCTION�FOR�A�PUNITIVE�PUBLIC �IN�-ASON �0�ED �#APTURED�BY�THE�-EDIA�0RISON�$ISCOURSE�IN�0OPULAR�#ULTURE �#ULLOMPTON�7ILLAN�0UBLISHING�,EE �-� �)NVENTING�&EAR�OF�#RIME�#RIMINOLOGY�AND�THE�0OLITICS�OF�!NXIETY �#ULLOMPTON�7ILLAN,IANOS �-�AND�$OUGLAS �-� �@$ANGERIZATION�AND�THE�END�OF�DEVIANCE�THE�INSTITUTIONAL�ENVIRONMENT �IN�'ARLAND �$�AND�3PARKS �2�EDS �#RIMINOLOGY�AND�3OCIAL�4HEORY �/XFORD�#LARENDON�0RESS,IEB �2� �@4HE�STATE�OF�7ASHINGTON�STUDY�OF�THE�EFlCACY�OF�NOTIlCATION�LAWS �.ATIONAL�#ONFERENCE�ON�3EX�/FFENDER�2EGISTRIES�0ROCEEDINGS�OF�A�"*33%!2#(�#ONFERENCE �53�$EPARTMENT�OF�*USTICE�"UREAU�OF�*USTICE�3TATISTICS �AVAILABLE�AT�HTTPWWWHAWAIIEDUHIVANDAIDS.ATIONAL#ONFERENCEON3EX/FFENDER2EGISTRIESPDF�ACCESSED��/CTOBER� -ARCHETTI �!� �@#ARCERAL�IMPOVERISHMENT�CLASS�INEQUALITY�IN�THE�&RENCH�PENITENTIARY �%THNOGRAPHY �6OL� �.O� �PP �-ATHIESEN �4� �0RISONS�ON�4RIAL�THIRD�EDITION �7INCHESTER�7ATERSIDE�0RESS-ATRAVERS �!�AND�(UGHES �'� �@5NPRINCIPLED�SENTENCING�4HE�POLICY�APPROACH�TO�DANGEROUS�SEX�OFFENDERS �IN�4ONRY �-�ED �#ONFRONTING�#RIME�#RIME�#ONTROL�5NDER�.EW�,ABOUR #ULLOMPTON�7ILLAN�0UBLISHING-INISTRY�OF�*USTICE� �0ENAL�0OLICY�n�!�"ACKGROUND�0APER �,ONDON�-INISTRY�OF�*USTICE-ONAHAN �*� �@4HE�FUTURE�OF�VIOLENCE�RISK�MANAGEMENT �IN�4ONRY �-�ED �4HE�&UTURE�OF�)MPRISONMENT �.EW�9ORK�/XFORD�5NIVERSITY�0RESS�-OORE �2 �(OWARD �0�AND�"URNS �-� �@4HE�FURTHER�DEVELOPMENT�OF�/!3YS�REALISING�THE�POTENTIAL�OF�THE�OFFENDER�ASSESSMENT�SYSTEM �0RISON�3ERVICE�*OURNAL �.O� �PP �.ICHOLS �3�AND�7ALKER �!� �#RIME�IN�%NGLAND��7ALES��3UPPLEMENTARY�6OLUME��#RIME �$ISORDER�AND�THE�#RIMINAL�*USTICE�3YSTEM�n�PUBLIC�ATTITUDES�AND�PERCEPTIONS �,ONDON�(OME�/FlCE���./-3� �4HE�.ATIONAL�2EDUCING�2EOFFENDING�$ELIVERY�0LAN �,ONDON�./-3./-3�A �+EEPING�#OMMUNITIES�3AFE�-ULTI !GENCY�0UBLIC�0ROTECTION�!RRANGEMENTS �AVAILABLE�AT�HTTPPRESSHOMEOFlCEGOVUKPRESS RELEASESMULTI AGENCY PUBLIC PROTECTIONVERSION�ACCESSED��/CTOBER� ./-3�B �,IFER�.EWS�!UTUMN� �,ONDON�./-3./-3� �,IFER�.EWS�3UMMER� �,ONDON�./-30ADlELD �.�AND�-ARUNA �3� �@4HE�REVOLVING�DOOR�AT�THE�PRISON�GATE�EXPLORING�THE�DRAMATIC�RISE�IN�RECALLS�TO�PRISON �#RIMINOLOGY�AND�#RIMINAL�*USTICE �6OL� �.O� �PP 0AROLE�"OARD� �!NNUAL�2EPORT�AND�!CCOUNTS�OF�THE�0AROLE�"OARD�FOR�%NGLAND�AND�7ALES� �,ONDON�43/��0RATT �*� �@$ANGEROUSNESS�AND�MODERN�SOCIETY �IN�"ROWN �-�AND�0RATT �*�EDS �$ANGEROUS�/FFENDERS�0UNISHMENT��3OCIAL�/RDER �,ONDON�2OUTLEDGE� 4HE�SOCIAL�COSTS�OF�DANGEROUSNESSWWWCRIMEANDJUSTICEORGUK 7ACQUANT �,� �@4HE�CURIOUS�ECLIPSE�OF�PRISON�ETHNOGRAPHY�IN�THE�AGE�OF�MASS�INCARCERATION �%THNOGRAPHY �6OL� �.O� �PP 7HEATLEY �-� �@$RUGS�IN�PRISON �IN�*EWKES �9�ED �(ANDBOOK�ON�0RISONS �#ULLOMPTON�7ILLAN7ILSON �$� �@,IGHTS �CAMERA �ACTION �0RISON�2EPORT �.O� �PP