By Elise Merrill Sarah Titus Aislyn Vaughan Which one is Genetically Engineered Questions How can scientists genetically alter a plant or animal Is it harmful or beneficial to humans Which countries use genetic engineering technology the most ID: 462440
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Slide1
Genetic Engineering
By: Elise Merrill
Sarah Titus
Aislyn
VaughanSlide2
Which one is Genetically Engineered?Slide3
Questions
How can scientists genetically alter a plant or animal?Is it harmful or beneficial to humans?
Which countries use genetic engineering technology the most?
What is the future of genetic engineering?Slide4
What is Genetic Engineering?
“Genetic engineering physically removes the DNA from one organism and transfers the gene(s) for one or a few traits into another
.”Slide5
History
Genetic Engineering started in the early 1900’s by Gregor Mendel.
1953 Watson & Crick discovered structure of DNA.
1973 Cohen & Boyer recombinant DNA technique.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3H-Uzts108
Slide6
History continued…
First transgenic animal is a mouse.
1982 The U.S Food and Drug Administration approved the first genetically engineered drug, Genentech’s
Humulin
.
1987 the first field tests of genetically engineered crops (tobacco and tomato) are done in the U.S.Slide7
Genetic Engineering
Types of Food
Tobacco
Petunia
Corn (first plant)
Carrots
PotatoesTomatoesCabbage.Slide8
StarlinkSlide9
Xenografting
Use of human DNA to supplement animals.Use of animals DNA to supplement humans.Slide10
Cloning
Using DNA of one animal in other animals.Slide11
Mutation
Changing of DNASlide12
Genetic Engineering Process in PlantsSlide13
Natural Transformation
Plant tissue can re-differentiate.Process is easy.Slide14
Electroporation
Jolt of electricity punctures self-repairing holes in protoplasts. DNA gets in through these holes.
Costly.
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6520950-0-large.jpgSlide15
Cloning
Cloning in plants is harder because they have fewer vectors to choose from.
Ti Plasmid
Some plants that can be cloned: carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, petunias, and cabbage.
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/plantplasmidtechn.JPG
Slide16
Countries Involved
United StatesJapan
UK
Developing Countries associated with Genetic Engineering
New Energy Research:
Biomass EnergySlide17
GE companies
AVENTIS
= Hoechst + Rhone Poulenc (France)
Agrochemical Ranking: # 2 -- $4,675
Seed Ranking: not ranked - $134 million
Pharmaceutical Ranking: # 2 -- $13,650 (combined sales of Hoechst Marion
Roussel
and Rhone-Poulenc Rorer)
MONSANTO (USA) + PHARMACIA & UPJOHN
=
(pending - not finalized)
Agrochemical Ranking: # 3 -- $4,030
Seed Ranking: # 2 -- $1,800
Pharmaceutical Ranking: # 9 -- $9,000 (combined sales of Pharmacia &Upjohn + Searle)Company Global Rankings by Sector (in U.S. millions-based on 1998 revenues)DUPONT (USA)=Agrochemical Ranking: # 4 -- $3,155Seed Ranking: # 1 -- $1,835Pharmaceutical Ranking: # 42 -- $1,109Slide18
Companies continued…
SYNGENTA *= Novartis + AstraZeneca (pending - not finalized)
Agrochemical Ranking: # 1 -- $7,050
Seed Ranking: # 3 -- $1,000
Pharmaceutical Ranking: (pharmaceutical companies did not merge)
# 4 AstraZeneca $12,750
# 7 Novartis $11,175
DOW CHEMICAL (USA)
=
Agrochemical Ranking: # 7 -- $2,130
Seed Ranking: not ranked - $162 million
Pharmaceutical Ranking: N/A
AquaBounty
Technologies: Salmon EggsSlide19
Energy and Research costSlide20Slide21
Assessing the economic impact of genetic engineering
Implications
Economic ImpactSlide22
Myths
You can trust Scientists that GE food is good for you and the world.
GE crops will save the world from famine.
GE crops will reduce the use of pesticides and herbicides.
Farmers will benefit from growing GE crops.
GE foods vary from non-GE foods only in the characteristic that has been modified.
GE foods have more nutritional value then normal foods.Slide23
Moral Issues
Religion
Environment
Health
Consumer Protection
* Food Safety Assessment
* Labeling
"Our current knowledge does not provide us with the means to predict the ecological long-term effects of releasing organisms into the environment. So it is beyond the competence of the scientific system to answer such a question...”
"Fears raised over DNA survival in soil". Dominion Post (Wellington); April 25, 2003, quoted by
GMWatch
. Slide24
Rules for safety assessment
GRAS 1991 Bush AdministrationFDA
Testing
Labeling
What we need to protect our health
- Scientifically proven to be safe
for all. Slide25
General Advantages
General Disadvantages
Larger animals = more meat product
Sustainable crops
Farmers can gain loans.
Hardly any advantages for consumer.
Release of altered genes in environment
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Super weeds (herbicide resistant weeds)
GE crops may threaten beneficial insects
Human health
Unexpected harmful substances
Farmers- Terminator Technology
Productivity and profitabilityDecreased nutritional valueSlide26
Future
Speed up healing
Proteins circulate reporting to glands
Bone and muscle mass increase or decrease
Salty substance move through the lungs
Amount of immune cells should be made
How fast hair should grow
Abuses with this technology
Athlete’s muscle mass increase for strength
Army with most genetic drugs in their body win the war
Abuses outweigh positive aspectsSlide27
“Frankenfish
”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4UmPcNcrqw
Slide28
“Frankenfish
”Crossing of two or more fish species.
The fish tend to be oversized and aggressive.
FDA claims its safe, but there is a hormone found in the fish that causes various types of cancers.
Farm raised V.S. Wild
Very Controversial.Slide29
What did you find most interesting about your research?
Economic Impacts and the prohibiting human cloning.How has what you have discovered and learned changed the way you view your life, the direction of society, or mankind?
Look out for GE products because not they are in so many different products. Realization of implications: Destroy ecosystems.
Based upon your research and your new knowledge what changes would you make or expect society to make in order to sustain the quality of life or the quality of the biosphere as a whole?
Bring awareness to the population.
What is your career track? Would you pursue a career in your topic area or just keep current with new developments as we pass into the future?
Marketing. Current. Know what stance to take regarding GE products.
AislynSlide30
What did you find most interesting about your research?
Regulation process of the FDA.How has what you have discovered and learned changed the way you view your life, the direction of society, or mankind?
Depletion of resources. Diversity, not solely rely on GE as a population.
Based upon your research and your new knowledge what changes would you make or expect society to make in order to sustain the quality of life or the quality of the biosphere as a whole?
Expect society to put more testing into products that are put on the shelves. Honesty with consumer via label.
What is your career track? Would you pursue a career in your topic area or just keep current with new developments as we pass into the future?
Physical Education/Health Coaching. Current. Advocating to others to make a healthier choice.
SarahSlide31
What did you find most interesting about your research?
The different ways scientists alter plants and animals.
How has what you have discovered and learned changed the way you view your life, the direction of society, or mankind?
It has made me fearful of what my future children will one day be eating.
Based upon your research and your new knowledge what changes would you make or expect society to make in order to sustain the quality of life or the quality of the biosphere as a whole?
I would like the government to be more truthful to the consumers. I would like to go back to small farms and produce less food; so much waste. Have Americans become more self reliant and grow their own fruits and vegetables.
What is your career track? Would you pursue a career in your topic area or just keep current with new developments as we pass into the future?
Education. I would keep current and follow along with GE engineering and introduce the topic to fellow faculty and older students.
EliseSlide32
Questions?Slide33
Questions
How can scientists genetically alter a plant or animal?
Cloning, Mutation,
Electroporation
,
Xenografting
, and Natural TransformationIs it harmful or beneficial to humans?
Harmful: Disease, hormones, allergens, etc.
Which countries use genetic engineering technology the most?
US, UK, Japan
What is the future of genetic engineering?
Modified, larger animals, more sustainable crops; better quality foods.Slide34
References
http://historyofsciences.blogspot.com/2008/09/history-of-genetic-engineering.html
Http://www.govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.html
http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/courses/bio_343/lecture/geneng.html
http://www.netlink.de/gen/fagan.html
http://frankenfish.com/
http://www.anh-usa.org/action-alert-genetically-modified-frankenfish/
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com
http://www.pfamhealth.net/filecabinet/spring01gemedsam.pdf
http://www.helium.com/items/842310-assessing-the-economic-impact-of-genetic-engineeringhttp://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00774/en/txt/mythandfact.htmlhttp://www.prorev.com/genetic.htmhttp://gcep.stanford.edu/research/factsheets/engineering_cellulose.htmlhttp://www.organicconsumers.org/ge/fivegeco.cfm"Fears raised over DNA survival in soil". Dominion Post (Wellington); April 25, 2003, quoted by GMWatch.