Genetic Engineering 1 Inserting a new a gene 2 Altering a gene 3 Deleting or turning off a gene gene knockout Tools Three important tools used for genetic engineering PCR takes a single copy of the gene of interest and makes ID: 779532
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Slide1
Genetic Engineering
pp. 258-264
Slide2Genetic Engineering
1
) Inserting a new a gene
2) Altering a gene3) Deleting or turning off a gene (gene knockout)
Slide3Tools
Three important tools used for genetic engineering
PCR
: takes a single copy of the gene of interest and makes (amplifies) up to a million copies for useRestriction enzymes: act like scissors to cut and manipulate DNALigase: an enzyme that acts like a welder to seal the cut up DNA
Slide4PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Slide5Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzymes are naturally found in bacteria and used to fight virus infections
Each enzyme is specific to the DNA sequence it recognizes and cuts
The resulting cut has a “sticky” overhang where foreign can be inserted
Slide6Ligase
Seals the DNA together by covalently bonding the base pairs at the overhang
Slide7Applications and Techniques
Gene
Cloning
Slide8A
plasmid
(ring of DNA found in bacteria) and human DNA (donor gene) are cut with the same restriction enzyme to make a sticky end
Donor gene combines with the plasmid (recombinant DNA) and sealed with ligase
Slide9https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfC689ElUVk
Slide10Plasmid
(cloning vector)
is inserted back into bacterium so that now the bacteria cell makes that specific protein
EX. insulin for diabetics or the clotting factor for hemophiliaWhen a bacterial cell divides it makes clones of itself and the new gene
Slide11Gene Therapy
Altering or
adding
genes to treat a genetic disorderExpensive and only lasts as long as the cell line Is viable
Slide12Stem Cells
Stem cells have not yet specialized, so they can become any body
cell
Can alter or add DNA first
Useful
for replacing tissue or
organs or cells that don’t repair after damage such as nerve
cells
Slide13Other Biotech – Organism Cloning
Creating a genetic copy of an
organism
Useful for manufacturing tissue and producing
more transgenic individuals