in Developing Nations By Asmah Mallick Daisy Bui Chung Kelsey Roets Nu Kulvatee Kantachote Rachel Polster Roadmap 1 Recap of project goal 2 Methodology 3 Recommend per evaluation ID: 707392
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Slide1
Indicators of Women’s Empowerment in Developing Nations
By:Asmah Mallick(Daisy) Bui ChungKelsey Roets(Nu) Kulvatee KantachoteRachel PolsterSlide2
Roadmap
1
Recap of project goal
2
Methodology
3
Recommend per evaluation
Comment on USAID
4
ConclusionSlide3
INDICATORS
Project Recap
Final Indicators
Media
Governance
Health
Education
Economic Contribution
Gender-sensitive indicators
Indentify use by international organizations
Organize by functional dimension
Evaluate and recommend indicators
Watch listSlide4
Dimension
Indicator CategoryNumber of Indentified Indicators
Economic
Contribution
Market Participation
90
Resource Equity
122
Education
Characteristics of Population9Educational System7
Other2GovernanceRepresentation
16Electoral System and Processes11
Justice19
HealthAccess and Utilization of Health Services14
Disease and Prevention16
Environmental Health4
Fertility and Population Growth12
Health Care Management5Health Expenditures
6Maternal and Infant Health12
Mental Health and Risk Behaviors5
Nutrition9Reproductive Health
9Violence against Women6MediaEqual Treatment of Media Employees
48Equal Coverage in News Reporting37Equal Expression of Freedom of Speech
122Total
581Slide5
Evaluation CriteriaDataFeasibility
AvailabilityAccuracyReliabilityEffectiveness in measuring women’s empowermentStandardized for comparisonsSlide6
Economic ContributionSlide7
Recommended Indicators: Economic Contribution, Market Participation
IndicatorsAdvantagesLimitationsLabor participation in informal economyLabor participation gapPercentage of married workforce
Feasibility
and reliability; distinction between genders
Limited use of ratios;
ignores informal workers
Women in positions of operation control or highly technical occupations
Feasibility and reliabilityVarying definitions; population at poverty levelTime spent on unpaid work
AccuracyReliabilitySlide8
Recommended Indicators: Economic Contribution, Resource Equity
IndicatorsAdvantagesLimitationsInstitutional access to creditOwnership of land and assets other than landFeasibility and accuracy
Lack of
standardization
Credit loan terms and amount
Bargaining
power outside householdHousehold decisions; unofficial loansSlide9
Recommended Economic Contribution Indicators: Comparison to USAID
CategoryMarket ParticipationResource EquityRecommended Indicators
USAID Indicators
Labor participation in informal economy
Labor
participation gap
Percentage of married workforceNumber of workers employed in sectors per year
No marital status measurement usedNumber of women in technical occupationsNumber of women entrepreneursPercentage of business
ownership Time of unpaid workChanges in workload by genderHours spent collecting fuel or waterHours of household labor
Institutional access to creditOwnership of land Ownership of assets other than landNumber of users of various technologiesNo ownership measurement usedCredit loan terms and amountCredit loan terms and amountSlide10
Education Slide11
Recommended Indicators: Education
IndicatorAdvantagesLimitationsAdult literacy rate (Age 15 to 24)Measures effectiveness of education outcomesSelf-reporting;cannot reflect higher knowledge
Completion
rate
Future human capital; efficiency of education system
Different graduation systems
Female graduates, by field of studyCorrelations between education opportunities and gender rolesGraduation requirements differ across countries
Trained female teachersSafer and inviting classrooms; empowers female teachersLacks standardization of teacher qualifications
Gross enrollment ratio and vocational and technical enrollmentData available and inclusive; promotes underrepresented fields; engagement in relevant labor marketsUpward biasSlide12
Recommended Indicators: Education, Not Currently Used by Major Agenices
IndicatorAdvantagesLimitationsSchools with separate latrinesReliable data because physical construction is visibleData availability
Distance to school
Feasible to measure at country level
...Indicators only used by some agenciesSlide13
Recommended Indicators: Education
USAID Promotes: Removal of gender-stereotyping from materialSeparate latrines Trained female teachersUSAID Measures:Enrollment rateQuality of educationSlide14
GovernanceSlide15
Recommended Indicators: Governance
CategoryIndicatorAdvantages LimitationsGender-Responsive BudgetingGender-sensitivity trainingExpenditure to increase female voter registration
Expenditure on programs
in female voter education Expenditure on
programs to reduce discrimination
Monitor allocations; inclusion of issues on national agenda
Standardization, lack of consistent dataRepresentation
Women in decision-making positions in governmentGovernmental committees chaired by womenTracked in national databasesPotential for unqualified representatives
LegislationLegislation against domestic violenceCreates awareness of domestic violence
Varying definitionsSlide16
HealthSlide17
Recommended Indicators: Health
IndicatorAdvantagesLimitationsPresence of skilled attendant at birthMeasures progress towards improved maternal healthExclude births outside public health sectorData misrepresent
women with multiple births in a survey period
DTP3 Immunizations
(
Diphteria
, Tetanus, Pertussis)Data availability and comparabilityData indicate distributed doses but not number of immunized children
Contraception prevalenceHigh correlation between economic development and contraception prevalenceHigh comparabilitySurveys use varying definitions
Lack of data in many countries Access to sanitation and clean water, by sexDemonstrates relationship to government policy
Data not measured frequently or regularlyHIV prevalence, by sex among 15-24 year-oldsChanges reflect efficacy of prevention and education effortsStigma associated with positive HIV diagnosisSlide18
MediaSlide19
Recommended Indicators: Media, Equal Coverage in News Reporting
IndicatorResources for gender-sensitive reportingProportion of women to men as experts in storiesProportion of stories depicting gender stereotypesAdvantages
Commitment to women’s empowerment
Gender breakdown of news sources
Organization’s awareness
of gender stereotyping
LimitationsLack of awareness
Societal normsBiased resultsSlide20
Recommended Indicators: Media, Equal Treatment of Media Employees
IndicatorHuman resource policies on genderTransparent pay scaleProportion of male and female employees
Advantages
Organization’s commitment to women’s empowerment
Gender breakdown of job positions
Limitations
Lack of awareness
and enforcementLack of enforcementNot indicative of treatment of employees based on genderSlide21
Recommended Indicators: Media, Freedom of Speech
IndicatorExistence and enforcement of constitutional protection of freedom of speech Direct contact between citizens and journalists without government interferencePlurality of public and private news sources
Advantages
Legality
of free speech
Public support of free speech
Organization’s ability to exercise free speechLimitations
Frequency; constraintsFrequencyOverrepresentation of diversitySlide22
Conclusion581 indicators identified, 37 recommended
Future Research- Watch List Indictors