Physiological Perspective - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Physiological PerspectiveSlide2

Physiological Perspective

Types of measures

Sampling of Research Topics

Eysenck, Gray:

Extraversion

Zukerman:

Senation-Seeking

Cloninger:

Neurotransmitters

Davidson:

Brain Asymmetry

Amodio:

Political BrainSlide3

Phineas Gage (1850s)

Dynamite accident

Changes in personalityFrontal lobe insights

Executive functions

Emotion regulation

Impulsivity, planningSlide4
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Slide6

Orbital-frontal CortexSlide7

Dorsolateral Prefrontal CortexSlide8

Anterior

Cingulate

CortexSlide9

3 Frontal Lobe Clinical Syndromes

Dorsolateral

(Cognition)Working memory, decision-making, reasoningOrbital-frontal (Emotion)

irritabilty, anger, low empathy

Anterior Cingulate

(Motiv)

apathy Slide10

ADD Symptom Clusters

Attention deficit

Concentration problems

Easily distracted

Sloppy, disorganized

Impulsivity

Get into fights

Stubborn, strong-willed

3) Emotion disregulationfeel guilty, feel angrySlide11

ADD relation to Big FiveSlide12

ADD relation to Big Five

F

M

ADHD

ControlsSlide13

Brain Volume and ADHD

Hoogman et al. (2017)

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Basal Ganglia

AccumbensSlide14

170 AD: Galen’s 4 Humors

Bodily fluids

 personality (170 AD)(Hippocrates, 400BC)Phlegm

phlegmatic

calm

Blood

sanguine happy

Yellow Bile choleric excitableBlack Bile melancholy unhappySlide15

1809 Phrenology:

Francis Gall

Traits=bumpsBump=more brain tissuePseudoscienceBrain? Localization of of function—yes.

Cranial bumps?

Wrong.Slide16

Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory (1940s)

Body shape

 personality

Mesomorph

Athletic



Dominant

Ectomorph Slight Introverted Endomorph Rotund JollySlide17

Physiological Measures

Polygraph

“Meet the Fockers” (2004)Slide18

Electrodermal Activity (EDA)

Derma= skin

Sweat conducts electricity (“GSR”)Sweating due to Sympathetic Arousal

Emotional arousal (pain, anxiety, fear, guilt…)

Elevated baseline EDA & personality:

NeuroticismSlide19

Ancient Arabia

lick hot iron…

if burn tongue, you are lying.Ancient China & India chew rice powder, spit out… if dry, you are lying.

Sympathetic arousal

inhibit digestion (e.g. saliva



)

activate metabolism respiration  heart rate  ventilation 

Lying & Sympathetic ArousalSlide20

Cardiovascular activity

Blood pressure

—measure of stress reactivityHeart rate —increases with anxiety, fear, arousal, cognitive effortSlide21

Cardiovascular activity

Cardiac reactivity

greater than normal increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to a challengeAssociated with Type A personality: (impatient + competitive + angry/hostile)

Cardiac reactivity & Type A is associated with elevated risk of coronary heart diseaseSlide22

Brain Activity

Brain

 spontaneous electrical activity Measure by electrodes on scalp (EEG)Evoked Potential

technique

Stimulus given, EEG measured

Evoked Auditory Potential (Auditory stimuli)

Evoked Visual Potentials (Visual Stimuli)

Waves patterns analyzed Augmenting vs ReducingSlide23

P300

a positive electrical potential that reliably occurs 300 milliseconds after a stimulus Slide24

P300

Discovered in 1964“Context updating” signature

Schizophrenia

-

weak

(abnormal amplitude)

Borderline Disorder - delayed (abnormal latency)Slide25

P300

impulsiveness

- longer latency creativity, openness, curiosity

“need for cognition”

(intellectual curiosity)

-

higher amplitude

P300a

 novelty orienting P300b  surprise orientingSlide26

Brain Imaging

Mapping brain structure and function

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (

fMRI

)

Deffusion Tensor Imaging

neural connectivity, mapping circuitsSlide27

Canli et al (2001),

fMRI

E: +pics

N:

-

picsSlide28

De Young et al. (2010)Slide29

Positron Emission TomographySlide30

Neuroscience of extraversion

Johnson et al. (1999)

PET

9 low (I), 9 high (E)

resting state only

RESULTS

Thalamus

I: ↑ Anterior, E: ↑ posterior Insula I: ↑ Anterior, E: ↑ posterior Broca’s Area I > E ( talking to yourself !!) Slide31

Neuroscience of spiritual feelings

Borg et al. (1999)Slide32

Neuroscience of spiritual feelings

Borg et al. (1999)

Measured “self-transcendence”Measured serotonin

receptor density

Conclusions

Weak

serotonin

binding

Weak gating of sensory stimuli [?]Slide33

Other Physiological Measures

Blood-born

metabolites Monoamine Oxidaze (MAO)

Immune system (e.g., saliva swabs)

e.g.

Master et al. (2009)

. . .

“Emotional Approach”Slide34

Emotional Approach Scale

Master et al. (2009)

After a profoundly upsetting event, I take time to figure out what I’m really feelingIn especially trying circumstances, I delve into my feelings to get a thorough understanding of themWhen dealing with unusual challenges,

I realize that my feelings are valid and important

When coping with a really stressful experience,

I acknowledge my emotionsSlide35

Masters et al. (2009)

Higher scores on the emotional approach scale significantly predicted…

Stronger immune response to laboratory stressor (physiological challenge)

Reduced

recovery time

after heart surgerySlide36

Other Physiological Measures

Cortisol

Kagan & Snidman (1991)Testosterone (

Ts

)

Dabbs

&

Dabbs (2000)

“crafty”, “sly”, “manipulative”Slide37

Hormones and Personality

Gender differences in personality

Agreeableness (d=.50)Neuroticism (d=.50)

Large gender differences in testosterone

Indivdual differences in testosterone within sex

 aggressiveness ??Slide38

Testosterone and dominance

Masur et al, 1992

Post-victory surgeHigh Ts Jobs

:

Trial Lawyer

Actors

Athletes

High Ts traits

Boastful, arrogant, deviousSlide39

Testosterone and 2D:4D

Fetal testosterone levels influence length of third finger. Estrogen influences length of first finger.

Adult digit ratio is useful in research as a proxy for fetal Ts exposure levels Gender differences exist in 2D4D: lower ratio in men

. Slide40

Testosterone and 2D:4D

Meindl et al. (2012)2D4D is correlated with

adult facial masculinity.17 boys, aged 3-11.Facial dimensionsrecorded.Data used to construct computer model of 2D4D effects on facial shape. Slide41

Meindl et al. (2012) 2D:4DSlide42

Testosterone and 2D:4D

Most consistent personality correlates of Low 2D4D:

Sensation-Seeking

Impulsiveness

Aggression

Interpersonal dominance / boldness

Psychopathy

However, the associations are typically not very strong in magnitude and often fail to replicate. Slide43

Physiological Perspective

Measures

Theories

Eysenck, Gray:

Extraversion

Zukerman: Senation-Seeking

Oxley / Amodio: Political Brain

Cloninger: Neurotransmitters

Davidson: Brain AsymmetrySlide44

Physiological-Based

Dimensions of Personality

Extraversion-Introversion

Eysenck’s Theory:

Introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity in the brain’s ascending reticular activating system.



ARASSlide45

Ascending Reticular Activating System

1950s: ARAS controls amount of Cortical Arousal Slide46

Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal Arousal for a TaskSlide47

Extraversion-Introversion

When given a choice, extraverts prefer

higher levels of stimulation than introvertsClassic study by Russ Geen (1984)Compared Extrav (E) and Introv (I)

Noise level preferences

Autonomic reactvity Slide48

Geen (1984)

Learning task

Distracting noise over headphonesHi E, Low E subjects

Noise level chosen by Self,

Intr

,

Extr

Measure stress reactions (physio

)Slide49

Extraversion-Introversion

Geen (1984)

Introverts and extraverts perform task… Best under their own chosen stimulation level



Poorest under level chosen by

opposite personality Slide50

Eysenck’s Theory of E

No baseline differences in arousal.

Revised theory: Extraversion-Introversion= Differences in arousal reactivity

, not average levels of arousalSlide51

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray, 1972; 1990)

Jeffrey Gray,

biopsychologist (rats)Alternative theory of Extr and NeurFocuses on two different brain

systems:

Beh Activation System

BAS

Beh Inhibition System BIS Slide52

Approach

AvoidanceSlide53

Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment

Behavioral Activation System (BAS):

Sensitive to reward cues

Activate/Energize/Get

Personality?

impulsive

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Sensitive to threat cues

Inhibit/Stop/EvaluatePersonality? Anxious Slide54

Integration of Gray and Eysenck theories

Impulsive

=High extraversion, moderate neuroticismAnxious =Moderate introversion, high neuroticismSlide55

Gray’s Rotation of Eysenck

E

N

BAS

BISSlide56

But data supports a closer alignment to Eysenck

E

N

BAS

BISSlide57

Larsen, Chen, Zelenski (2003)

Learning task (fast colour naming)

Manipulate type of trial feedback:Punishment for wrong answerReward for correct answerMeasure BAS and BIS traits.

RESULT?

BIS people did better in punishment condition

BAS people did better in reward conditionSlide58

Size of bets placed after punishment vs reward

Pierce-McCall & Newman (1986)

IV= won versus lost.DV= Size of bet on

next

task.

Result

:

After gain: E = IAfter loss: E > ISlide59

Physiological Perspective

Measures

Theories

Eysenck, Gray: Extraversion

Zukerman:

Senation-Seeking

Oxley / Amodio: Political Brain

Cloninger: Neurotransmitters

Davidson: Brain AsymmetrySlide60

Sensation Seeking

Marvin Zuckerman 1970s-80s

Sensory deprivation studies: ExtraversionHebb’s Optimal Level of Arousal theorySSSK =Diff in optimal level of arousalZuckerman’s Sensation Seeking ScaleModerate positive correlation between extraversion and sensation seekingSlide61

Sensation-seeking

4 factors

(DEBT)Disinhibition Experience-SeekingB

oredom Susceptibility

T

hrill and Adventure SeekingSlide62

Sensation Seeking

Physiological basis for sensation seeking

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Enzyme that regulates neurotransmittersAfter neurotransmitter binds to receptor need to stop it somehow

MAO puts the brakes on (at the receptor)Slide63

Sensation Seeking

Physiological basis for sensation seeking

Too much MAO= strong braking Too little MAO= weak braking High SSK have low MAOStimulation seeking is due to

weak synaptic brakingSlide64

Cortical Evoked Potentials and Sensation-Seeking

Augmenting

is evident among high SSkersReducing is evident among low SSkersSlide65

MAO, Child Abuse, and Antisocial Tendencies

Interaction of

gene and childmaltreatmentexperiencesLow MAO +maltreatment=

high risk

to

become antisocial

Caspi et al (2002)Slide66
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Physiological Perspective

Measures

Theories

Eysenck, Gray: Extraversion

Zukerman: Senation-Seeking

Oxley / Amodio:

Political Brain

Cloninger: Neurotransmitters

Davidson: Brain Asymmetry