The Big Picture: Following Columbus’ voyages, European nations competed to establish - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Big Picture: Following Columbus’ voyages, European nations competed to establish colonies in the Americas. By 1733 the English had founded a diverse group of colonies along the Atlantic Ocean seaboard. Their efforts, however, had disastrous consequences for the Native Americans.

Chapter 2: European Colonies in AmericaSlide2

Main Idea: In the 1500s and 1600s, European nations led by Spain, continued to explore, claim territory, and build settlements in America.

Chapter 2 Section 1: European Settlements in North AmericaSlide3

Spanish Conquistadors

1494: Catholic Spain and Portugal appeal to the Pope to resolve competing claims to the New World

the

Treaty of

Tordesillas: drew a line on the map and gave all land to the west of the line to Spain and all land east to PortugalPonce de Leon & FloridaSpanish explorers called conquistadors began exploring the Caribbean, South, and Central America after ColumbusTheir goals were “God, gold, glory”Ponce de Leon, had sailed with Columbus, was governor of Puerto Rico, and searched for the fabled fountain of youthHe became the first Spanish explorer in mainland North America when he claimed Florida for SpainSlide4

Cortez and the Aztec

Cortez claimed and explored

Mexico

in an attempt to find gold

When attempting to conquer the Aztec, he was aided by the enemies of the Aztec and an ancient legend that made them believe the Spanish were messengers from the Gods

The Aztec fell to the Spanish in 1521Slide5

Golden Cities and other ExplorersThe successful domination of the Aztec and persistent rumors of cities of gold encouraged other explorers to push into modern-day Mexico, Texas, and Florida

Explorers like de Soto, Cabrillo and de Coronado explored as far north as Tennessee and as far west as California, but did not find the gold they wanted

Eventually the Spanish focused on

mining in Mexico

In 1565 the

Spanish establish a colony at St. Augustine, Florida It is the oldest city in the US todaySlide6

Spain Builds an Empire

Mestizos

Born mixed with Natives

Mulattoes

Born mixed with Africans

Social Structure

Spanish crown appointed

viceroyalty

to run new colonies that were being established

Also key to the structure were

missionaries

who served to convert natives to Catholicism and to teach the faithful

More Power

Fewest People

Most People

Least PowerSlide7

Land, Labor, and the Pueblo RevoltSpanish established the encomienda system

:

Spanish received grants of land from the crown and the use of labor from the people who lived on the land

The Natives were expected to convert to Christianity and work for the new owner

The owner was expected to treat the natives humanely, but they were routinely enslaved and worked to death on plantations called

haciendasPopulations declined from disease and ill treatment, landowners came to depend on enslaved Africans1680: Pueblo Indians revolt against the Spanish led by a shaman named PopéHe was successful in driving the Spanish out of Santa Fe, but in 1692 Spanish soldiers retook the areaSlide8

Other Nations ExploreEngland’s Navy

1497:

John Cabot

arrives in Newfoundland & thinks he is in Asia; claims it for England

1500s- England realizes it is new land and begins looking for a northwest passage to Asia

1577: Protestant Queen Elizabeth builds up the English navy to challenge Catholic Spain; Sir Francis Drake first to circumnavigate the globeSlide9

New France1524: Giovanni de Verrazano explores from the Carolinas to Maine for France

1534:

Jacques Cartier

discovers the St. Lawrence River and explores Quebec and Montreal

1608:

Samuel de Champlain establishes trade in furs and fish in Quebec1666: Sieur de la Salle explores Great Lakes region and Mississippi River, claiming the land for France (called it Louisiana for French king Louis XIV)New Netherland1609: Henry Hudson sent by the Netherlands to find the Northwest PassageHe discovers the Hudson River and claims land along the Atlantic coast for the DutchSlide10

Chapter 2 ReviewWrite out Questions and Answers

Chapter 2 Section 1

What were the three main goals of the Spanish conquistadors?

What effects did Spanish conquest and colonization have on Native Americans?Slide11

Main Idea: After several failures, the English established a permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.

Chapter 2 Section 2: The English in VirginiaSlide12

The First English Colonies

Roanoke

Queen Elizabeth allows

Sir Walter Raleigh

to lead an expedition the Atlantic Coast

He calls the land Virginia after her (the “virgin queen”)1587 Raleigh and governor John White establish a colony at Roanoke Island and established friendly relations with the ManteoVirginia Dare first English born in the New WorldWhite was forced to return to England for supplies and was delayed in returning for 3 years due to war with Spain 1590: White returns but all of the settlers are gone, with only Croatoan carved on a postThey are called the ‘Lost Colony’Slide13

King James’ CharterUnder King James I, England tries again to settle the Atlantic Coast

Charter

rights establish

colonies

was

transferred from Raleigh to the London Company and the Plymouth Company in 1606These were joint-stock companies: investors pooled money to fund and govern the colony and split any profitsSlide14

The Jamestown Colony

First Settlers and Captain Smith

1606: 100 men arrive at the James River under the London Company and built Jamestown

The location was not ideal; swampy and in the middle of the

Powhatan Confederacy

The settlers succumbed to malaria and dysentery and many were gentry, who refused to workBy January 1608, only 38 men remainedSlide15

Captain John Smith became the leader of Jamestown and imposed military discipline in the colony

he

was able to trade for food with the local tribe and

also

been saved from being executed by

Pocahontas, the chief’s daughterconditions improved in the colony, but John Smith was forced to return to England after being burned in a gun powder accidentSlide16

The Starving Time and TobaccoLondon Company sent more settlers in 1609, offering free passage to anyone willing to work for seven years

The winter of 1609-1610 was the worst in the colony, called

the starving time

: many died from Indian raids and starvation

John Rolfe

saves the colony by experimenting with the cultivation of tobacco1613: Rolfe secures peace between Jamestown and the Algonquians by marrying Pocahontas1622: relations with the natives deteriorate after Powhatan and Pocahontas dieSettlers were taking increasing amounts of land for tobacco cultivation, triggering an attack by the PowhatansMany, including Rolfe, died and the crown revoked the Virginia Company’s charter, but the colony survivedSlide17

Virginia Grows and ChangesThe

Headright

System

and the House of Burgesses

1618: the Virginia Company begins offering headrights: 50 acres of land for each family member and servant or for any one else they paid passage forArtisans and 100 single women were also sent to make the colony more stableBy the 1640s, there were 8,000 settlers; by 1650 16,0001619: formation of the House of Burgesses: membership went to white, landholding malesThey had the power to raise taxes and make laws, but the laws could be vetoed by the governor who was appointed by the crownThis was the first legislature in AmericaSlide18

Colonial WorkersThe majority of workers are indentured servants

: they received passage to America and worked 4 to 7 years

at

the end of service, they received clothes as well as tools or land

Men outnumbered women 3 to 1

1619: Dutch ship arrives with 20 African slaves; by the late 1600s, slavery replaced indentured servants for cheap laborSlide19

Colonial ConflictConflict increases between rich settlers in the east and poor settlers in the west dealing with high taxes and conflict with Natives

Governor

William Berkeley

refuses to aid settlers, hoping for good fur trading with the Natives

Bacon’s Rebellion:

former indentured servants march on Jamestown, burning the citythe rebellion collapses when Bacon becomes ill and dies, but the House of Burgesses does open more land to settlement and slave labor increasesSlide20

Chapter 2 ReviewWrite out Questions and Answers

Chapter 2 Section 2

What was life like in Jamestown during the starving time?

What is the historical significance of Virginia’s House of Burgesses?

Which country, Spain or England, had better methods for

establishing colonies in the Americas? Explain.Slide21

Main Idea: The Pilgrims founded colonies in Massachusetts based on Puritan religious ideals, while dissent led to the founding of other New England colonies.

Chapter 2 Section 3: The Northern ColoniesSlide22

Puritans Flee to FreedomPuritans and Separatists

Protestant Reformation led to establishment of the Church of England (Anglican Church)

Puritans

felt the Anglican Church was still too Catholic, and wanted to ‘purify’ it further

Separatists

wanted a complete break with the Anglican Church and were persecuted in England for their beliefsSlide23

Founding Plymouth Colony1608: group of Separatists move to the Netherlands

but left several years later because they did not want their children to adopt Dutch customs

A group of merchants formed a joint-stock company and got land from the Virginia Company

1620

: 35 Puritans and 66 other settlers left on the

Mayflower under the leadership of William BradfordThey were headed to the Hudson River but were blown off course and landed at Cape CodWhile on board, the 41 men signed the Mayflower Compact: it created a government chosen by the consent of the governed and they would obey all laws made for the good of the groupHalf of the group died in the first winter, the rest survived with aid from the Wampanoag Indians (especially Squanto)The next year was so successful, the Pilgrims held a feast for their neighbors that we now commemorate as Thanksgiving

Bradford continued to serve as governor until his death in

1657Slide24

Dissent Among the Puritans

“A City Upon A Hill”

Success at Plymouth encouraged thousands of Puritans to move to

New England

After getting funding from the Massachusetts Bay Company, they chose

John Winthrop as their leaderThey hoped to create a haven and example of Puritan living, what they called “a city upon a hill”11 ships and 700 people arrived in America in 1630 and grew quickly, establishing towns in Boston, Salem, and ConcordThe Company created the Massachusetts General Court which had the ability to elect officers and make lawsEach town elected members to the court, which elected a council headed by WinthropSuccess led to the Great Migration: 20,000 English settlers arrive in New England between 1620 and 1643Slide25

Dissent Puritans were not tolerant of beliefs that differed from Church

canon (law)

Society and government were closely linked to the church (attendance at church was mandatory, hard work was stressed)

Dissenters either voluntarily left, or were forced to leave the colony

Thomas Hooker- wanted government ‘chosen by all’

 leaves to form Connecticut1639 they write the 1st written constitution: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (gave voting rights to all free men, not just church members)Slide26

Rhode Island and New HampshireRoger Williams believed in religious tolerance (even for Jews) and wanted separation of church and state

He also believed the colony should pay the Native Americans for the land they settled on

He purchases land from the Narragansett Indians and forms a colony in

Providence

, Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson causes an uproar when she claims people can read and understand the Bible for themselves without the input of a ministerShe was banished and went to Rhode IslandHer brother-in-law left Massachusetts in 1679 to found a colony in modern New Hampshire; it was a royal colony: under the control of the kingSlide27

Witchcraft Trials in Salem

1692 girls in Salem Village

began

acting strangely and

claimed

they were bewitchedBelief in witchcraft was common in the 1600sHysteria gripped the colony and eventually hundreds of people were arrested and 19 were executed as witchesEventually the trials were condemned and remaining prisoners were set freeSlide28

Life in New England

Education and Government

Puritans wanted their children to be able to read the Bible and established the first

public schools

in America

They also established the first colleges in New England: Harvard and YaleStarting in the late 1600s, most colonies were converted to royal colonies under the control of the English kingThe town, with its school and meeting house, was the center of life in the New England coloniesTown government was most relevant to people’s livesAt town meetings church members and land owners were allowed to vote for selectmen and delegates and speak about issues like taxes and roadsSlide29

Relations with Native AmericansAs colonies expanded, they had increasing conflict with Native AmericansAs colonies became more self-sufficient, they were less likely to try to have good relations with surrounding tribes

Many Puritans viewed Natives as

heathens

that needed to be driven out or killed

1637:

Pequot War: Pequot in Connecticut are slaughtered by settlers and their Narragansett & Mohegan allies over trade with the Dutch1675: King Philip’s War: Native Americans led by Metacomet (or King Philip) attack colonial townsOver 600 on both sides died and the tribe was all but wiped outSlide30

Chapter 2 ReviewWrite out Questions and Answers

Chapter 2 Section 3

What was the central agreement of the Mayflower Compact, and where were the settlers when they signed it?

How was Rhode Island different from most of the other colonies?Slide31

Main Idea: Events in England during and after the English Civil War led to a new wave of colonization along the Atlantic coast south of New England.

Chapter 2 Section 4: The Middle and Southern ColoniesSlide32

A New Era of Colonization

Charles II and the Restoration

In order to pay back his supporters in the Civil War,

King Charles II

gave land grants in the new world called

proprietary colonies (there were 4: Pennsylvania, Carolina, New York and New Jersey)These colonies were not ruled by investors or colonial legislators, but by their Lords Proprietors Son of a supporter, William Penn forms Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and others suffering persecutionSlide33

New Netherland becomes New YorkCharles gives land to his brother James, Duke of York, ignoring an existing Dutch colonyAfter briefly struggling for control, England pushed out the Dutch in 1674

New York was a very diverse colony with English, Dutch, Scandinavian, German, and French settlers

The Duke later gave part of his land to two proprietors who named their colony

New Jersey

After disputes over land titles, both New York and New Jersey became royal colonies in the early 1700sSlide34

New Southern Colonies

The Carolinas

8 men were granted a charter that made them co-owners of Carolina (Latin for Charles)

Settlement was slow and some of the men gave up their claims

Eventually settlers arrived, but the Northern and Southern parts developed very differently

The Southern part had large plantations and ports like Charles TownThe North was dominated by small farmers and had no harbor1729: the proprietors sold their land to the crown and the king created two colonies: North Carolina and South CarolinaSlide35

GeorgiaGeorgia is created as a buffer zone between the Carolinas and Spanish-Florida

James Oglethorpe

proposed making Georgia a colony for those thrown into debtors prison in England

he received a charter from King George II and founded Georgia in 1732 (it became a royal colony in 1751)

Originally the colony had strict rules about slavery, land ownership, and personal behavior, but they were gradually

relaxedSlide36

Quakers Settle Pennsylvania/ The Founding of Maryland

The Quakers

The king wanted to get rid of the Quakers, who were unpopular in England

They believed in direct communication with God and had no ministers

They believed in equality of all men and women and were

pacifists (refused to fight)The king encouraged Quakers to migrate to PennsylvaniaBecause of its tolerance and wide advertising, thousands came from Germany and Scandinavia Slide37

Delaware1638: small group of Swedish immigrants settle near modern Wilmington, DE but were overrun by the Dutch in 1655 and the English after that

William Penn later bought land from the Duke of York to

gain a

water passage to the Atlantic for Pennsylvania

Maryland

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore received land from the king to create a haven for Catholics that his son named Maryland1649: Maryland’s colonial assembly passes the Toleration Act protecting the rights of all Christians to practice their religionSlide38

Chapter 2 ReviewWrite out Questions and Answers

Chapter 2 Section 4

Which two colonies were the most tolerant of other religions?

How were the colonies established under England’s King Charles II different from earlier American colonies?

Many towns were named starting with “New”. What does this say about Europeans’ intentions in the Americas?Slide39

Chapter 2 ReviewWrite out Questions and Answers

When John Smith became the leader of Jamestown, he told the colonists:

“You must obey this now for a Law, that he that will not

worke

shall not

eate (except by sickness he be disabled) for the labours of thirtie or fortie hones and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintaine an hundred and fiftie idle loyterers.”~ John Smith, Generall Historie of Virginia,

New England, & the Summer Isles

What problem was Smith trying to address in this passage?

Was Smith’s new law too harsh? Why or why not?Slide40

Chapter 2 ReviewWrite out Questions and Answers

Read the passage in Section 3 that begins the heading “Relations with Native Americans” (page 55-56). Then answer the following question.

The last paragraph of the passage says that King Philip’s War was “costly for both sides.” This means

the war was fast and easy for both sides.

the colonists suffered very little.

both sides lost a lot in the war.Native Americans had few losses.