Chapter 21 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 21Part 6

The French Revolution

The Age of VoltaireSlide2

Napoleon 1799-1815

Italian

descent: August 15, 1769

Born to a poor, but

prominent,

family on

Italian Corsica (recently acquired by French)

Military genius: specialized

in

artillery (Oct 1795 gave rioters “whiff of grapeshot” to save Nat. Conv.)

A big fan of the Enlightenment and the Revolution

Supported

Jacobins (Brig. Gen. when

Robsp

. killed)

Advanced rapidly in the army: talented AND many vacancies due to the

emigreesSlide3

Early Army Career

1796 marries Josephine; goes to Italian Front & stunning victories

Takes art, imposes Fr. Const. wherever he goes

Takes care of his soldiers: “Old Guard” begins

Ignores orders; Austrians (& others) ‘treaty’ w/ Nappy b/c he beat them

Egyptian Campaign: goes badly; comes home for damage controlSlide4

Two distinct periods of rule

1799-1804: Was First Consul during the Consulate Period

1804-1814

: The Empire Period

18

Brumaire

(Coup of Nov. 9, 1799) invited in to ruleSlide5

The Consulate Period 1799-1804

Took power December 25,

1799

Title

: First

Consul

Constitution

gave him supreme

power (passed 3+ million to 1,592)

Acted

as a dictator

Demanded loyalty to the state, rewarded ability, created an effective hierarchical

bureaucracy

BUT

wealth determined statusSlide6

Napoleon: the last and the greatest Enlightened Despot

Because his reforms were widespread and long-lasting (as he conquered Europe he brought the Napoleonic Code with him)Slide7

Early Nappy in power

Had the mind/memory of Louis XIV

Unexpectedly hard-working, conscientious, thorough (& expected same of others)

Followed “Roman Model” of giving reforms quicklySlide8

Early Nappy in power, cont.

Revised

tax laws (lowers on farmers), revalued

currency,

establ

. Bank of France

Restructured

all

branches of National Gov. & put reorganized Local Govt. under strong centralized Gov.

Political Amnesties brought capable people back

“Legion of Honor”:civil/military order created new ‘aristocracy of ability’Slide9

Religious Reforms

Napoleon wanted to make peace with the Catholic Church to weaken its link with the

monarchists

Understood religion

would help the French people accept economic inequities

presages Marx: “Religion

is the opiate of the

masses”Slide10

The Concordat of 1801

Pope

renounced claims to the Church property

lost

in

Revolution

(settled the issue of the peasant-landowners’ divided

allegiances—

jbut

people loyal to Nappy who got land)

Bishops nominated & paid by State, consecrated by Pope

Remaining Refractory

Clergy

(non-

juring

) replaced

juring

priests Slide11

The Concordat of 1801

Catholics could worship in

public

Church

seminaries

reopened

Legal

toleration

extended

to:

Catholics

, Protestants, Jews, Atheists …all had the same civil

rights

Replaced “

Revolutionary Calendar”

w/ old Christian CalendarSlide12

Separation of Church and State

Napoleon made certain to appoint as many

Protestants & others

to high government positions as CatholicsSlide13

Napoleonic Code1804

Provided legal

unity

F

irst

clear

&

complete codification of French

law

L

ongest-lasting

of his

reforms

Included

a civil code of criminal procedure, a commercial code, & a penal code

Emphasized

“absolute security of wealth & private property”Slide14

The Napoleonic Code

Provided for a strong central government and administrative

unity

Included

many

reforms

of the

Revolution:

Equality

before the law: no more estates, legal classes, privileges, hereditary offices,

guilds…

Freedom

of religion: State will be

secular

Property rights

Abolished serfdom

Women given

inheritance

rights but . . .Slide15

Women

Were denied equal status with

men

Women &

children

legally

dependent on husband/father

Divorce

more

difficult to obtain

than

during

Rev.

Women couldn’t

buy/sell

property, begin

a business

w/o

consent of their

husbands

Wives’ incomes belonged

to

husbands

Penalties

for adultery more severe for women than menSlide16

Careers open to talent

Theoretically citizens were able to rise in government offices according to their abilities (but wealth was really the key to

status)

Napoleon

created a new imperial nobility for talented generals and government officialsSlide17

The New Imperial Nobility

Government

rewarded wealthy people who served the state with pensions, property or

titles

M

iddle Class

DID

benefit

Over

½ of the titles

granted

went to

those in military

Between

1808-1814

Napoleon

awarded 3,6000

titles

BUT

the # of nobles in France only 1/7 of what it was before the RevolutionSlide18

Offices Could Not be Bought or Sold

Amnesty was granted to returning

emigrees

in

exchange for

loyalty oath

Many

were given important posts in

government

Foreign

“notables” were also able to serve (Italy, the Netherlands)Slide19

The Working Class

Le

Chaplier

Law of 1791 was

maintained:

denied the right to strike or

unionize/guilds

But

now…not politically

significantSlide20

Economic Unity

The Bank of France (est. 1800) served the interests of the state and financial

oligarchy:

Balanced

the national

budget

Estab

.

sound

currency

Made

public credit

available

Increased employment

Lowered

taxes on farmersSlide21

Economics under Napoleon

Guaranteed that

seized Church

property

sold

to peasants would remain in the hands of the

peasants

Created

an independent

peasantry…this would

become the backbone of French

democracy and make France a nation of small landowners

Tax

collections became more efficientSlide22

Education

Established a system of public education under state

control

Rigorous standards

Available

to the

masses

Secondary

and higher education was to prepare young men for

professions/government

serviceSlide23

Education

Education became a key in determining social

standing

One

system for those who could spend

12+

years at

school

The

other for boys who would enter the work force at age 12 to 14Slide24

A Police State

Citizens were under continuous surveillance by government

spies

After

1810 political “suspects” were held in state prisons

…. like during Reign

of

Terror

By

1814 2,500 political prisoners

being

heldSlide25

A Police State

The most notorious

incident:

1804

arrest

(crossed borders) &

execution of a Bourbon: the Duke of

Enghien

He

was accused of taking part in a plot to overthrow

Napoleon

There

was absolutely no evidence of his

involvementSlide26

Problems with Napoleon’s Reforms

Women did not benefit…serious gender

inequity

Workers

denied

unions

Individual

liberty was repressed in favor of absolutism and the creation of a police

state

Much nepotism (Nappy had lots of brothers/sisters/relations)Slide27

Napoleonic Wars during the Consulate Era

Generally short and

distinct

Only

England was at war with France

continuously

All

four Great Powers did not fight Napoleon TOGETHER until 1813 (Russia, Prussia, Austria, England) after Napoleon

conquered

Italy

Above

nations were sometimes compelled to ally with Napoleon Slide28

1798-1801 The War of the Second Coalition

The Second Coalition: Austria, England, Russia

1798 Napoleon’s navy had been destroyed by the English (Lord Nelson) in the Battle of the Nile

But in the end, Napoleon’s army was victoriousSlide29

The Treaty of Luneville

Britain moved off of the European continent

Austria lost its Italian possessions to Napoleon

German territory on the west bank of the Rhine became part of France

Russia had tried to take advantage of the turmoil by gaining a foothold in the Mediterranean but withdrew from western Europe due to a British blockadeSlide30

1802 The Treaty of Amiens

France and Britain

Brits agreed to return Trinidad and some Caribbean islands to France that it had taken in 1793

Had hopes that peace with France would enable Britain to increase its trade with the European continentSlide31

Treaty of Ameins

By this time Napoleon had the former Austrian Netherlands, the West bank of the Rhine, the Netherlands and most of Italy

The Brits were unable to increase their trade with the European continent

The Brits violated the treaty by failing to evacuate Malta causing the truce to end (1805)Slide32

In the meantime

Napoleon reorganized The confederation of Switzerland

Sent a large army to Haiti to re-enslave the population

French forces were devastated by disease

Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States