Chapter Two: Exploring the Americas - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter Two: Exploring the AmericasSlide2

A Changing World

Marco Polo’s stories from 1296 inspired people 200 years later

Trade makes countries wealthy, people desired Asian spices, silk, tea

Focus on

classical

works: Ancient Greek and Roman

Rise in intellectual and artistic creativity:

Renaissance

(French for “rebirth”)

This encouraged people to pursue new ideas/ goalsSlide3

Impact of Technology

Technology

: use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

More accurate maps

Astrolabe

measured the position of the stars

Better ships

Stern rudder, triangular sail from Arabs

Caravel

from Portugal: 3

masted

ship, sailed faster, carried more cargo, could float in shallow waterSlide4

http://www.kuriositas.com/2011/04/astrolabe-magnificent-computer-of.htmlSlide5
Slide6

Seeking New Trade Routes

First maps showed three continents: Europe, Asia, Africa bordered by oceans

They also thought it was only one ocean called the

Ocean Sea

Portugal takes the lead- they don’t have a Mediterranean port to go between Asia and Europe

1420 Prince Henry “The Navigator” of Portugal set up a center for exploration on the southwest tip of Portugal

He brought astronomers, mathematicians, and geographers together

Began to trade down the west coast of Africa:

Gold Coast

: gold, ivory, slavesSlide7
Slide8

Bartholomeu

Dias

1487 sent by king of Portugal to explore southernmost tip of Africa

Terrible storm blew him off course and he sailed around it by accident

Dias called it “Cape of Storms,” but the king renamed it “Cape of Good Hope”

Vasco da Gama

1497 set off with four ships around Cape of Good Hope and visited east Africa

Met an Arab sailor who helped him navigate to India, and arrived in Calcutta 1498Slide9

Crossing the Atlantic

Vikings crossed the Atlantic in the 800s and 900s

Made it to Iceland and Greenland and established settlements

Leif

Eriksson landed in what he called “Vinland” in 1000, maybe it was North America?

Didn’t establish a permanent settlement

http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/leif-erikssonSlide10

Christopher Columbus

born in Italy 1451

Became a sailor for Portugal

on a merchant ship

1470 French privateers attacked his ship, he floated to shore on a scrap of wood

Studied math, astronomy, cartography in Lisbon

Thought he could sail around the world in 2 months, 2760 miles (more like 24,859)…but he couldn’t prove it because he couldn’t afford his own ship and crewSlide11

For most of 1400s Spain was consumed with getting rid of Muslims and Jews

Last Muslim kingdom in Spain fell in 1492

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

were already jealous of Portugal’s advances in sailing and trade

Meanwhile Columbus is looking for a sponsor to sail around the world

Spain promised to support him if he

Brought Christianity (Catholicism) to any foreign lands

Bring wealth to Spain if he found a route to Asia (but they promised to give him a cut)Slide12

Set sail on August 3, 1492

Nina,

Pinta

, Santa Maria,

with a total of 90 men

After a month the crew started to worry and doubt his idea, even threatened

mutiny

Spotted land on October 12, the Bahamas, went ashore and claimed it for Spain

he was convinced that he had reached the Indies, and even though he searched for pearls and gold for months in the islands he found nothing

But, he returned to Spain in triumph, leaving 40 men to make a settlementSlide13

September

1493, Columbus returned to the

Americas

found

the

settlement destroyed (to this day, no one knows what happened there)

left

his brothers Bartolomeo and Diego behind to

rebuild

headed

west, with

native

slaves, to continue his mostly fruitless search for gold and other goods.

Instead of riches

he had promised

Spain,

he sent

500

slaves to Queen Isabella.

The

queen was horrified–she believed that any people Columbus “discovered” were Spanish subjects who could not be enslaved–and

returned

the explorer’s gift.Slide14

Spain and Portugal were now in competition with each other

The Pope had to draw a line from the North Pole to the South Pole to divide the land they had explored

The line of demarcation

:

P

ortugal gets lands to the east and Spain gets lands to the west, and the two countries signed an agreement in 1494 to settle the matterSlide15

Amerigo

Vespucci

1499 Made maps of South America coastline

By early 1500s, Europeans were using his maps and calling the land “America”

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Governor of a Spanish town in Panama

Had heard stories of “great waters” on the other side of the mountains

1513 Traveled over land for days, and was the first European to see the Pacific (and claimed it for Spain)Slide16

Ferdinand Magellan

1519 was hired by the Spanish to travel around/ through South America to Asia

November 1520 found a passage through the tip of South America

His voyage across the Pacific lasted four months

They ran out of food, ate sawdust, rats, and leather

Three years later, Magellan was killed in the Philippines

Only 1 crew member made it to India, and

circumnavigated

the worldSlide17

Spain in America

Stories of gold, silver, and wealthy kingdoms sent the Spanish running to the Americas

Conquistadors

were explorers who received grants from the government to explore and establish settlements in the Americas

But…they had to give the crown 1/5 of what they found

If they failed they faced losing their own fortuneSlide18

Hernan Cortes

Landed in Mexico 1519 looking for gold and glory

He had 500 soldiers, horses, and cannons

Marched into Tenochtitlan (Aztec empire) and they welcomed him

But Cortez took advantage of them and took

K

ing Montezuma hostage

Spring 1520 Aztecs revolted, Montezuma was killed, Spanish eventually driven out

But Cortes waited for more troops to arrive, and attacked and destroyed the Aztec for good in 1521Slide19

Francisco Pizarro

1532 sailed down Pacific Coast with 180 Spanish soldiers looking for legendary wealthy Incas

Captured the ruler and destroyed the army

In order to get rid of the king,

Atahualpa

, the Spanish falsely accused him of crimes and executed himSlide20

How did Spain succeed?

1) strange weapons and fearsome animals

Guns and cannons

Horses and dogs

2) many Native Americans hated their overlords and actually helped the Spanish

3) diseases that the Spanish unintentionally brought with them wiped out the NativesSlide21

Spain in North America

Juan Ponce de Leon

landed in Florida 1513

Looking for gold and the legendary “fountain of youth”

His exploration led to the first Spanish settlement in 1565 at St. Augustine

Alvar

Nunez

Cabeza

de

Vaca

Landed in Florida 1528; had some trouble, sailed to Mexico, but in November 5 boats were lost in a storm

2 survived and landed in Texas, but many men had died

De

Vaca

and an enslaved African became medicine men

1533 headed west 1000 miles searching for “seven cities with walls of emerald and streets of gold”Slide22

Hernando de Soto

Inspired by de

Vaca

to explore Florida and the SW

Wandered around for 3 years looking for gold; would enter a village, take the chief hostage, and demand supplies

Crossed the Mississippi River in 1541, made it as far west as OK, but dies of fever and men buried him in the river

Fransisco

Vasquez de Coronado

1540 traveled through Mexico, AZ, NM, and met the Zuni people

Realized there was no gold, kept going west to CO, then east to KS, but found nothing but “windswept plains” and “shaggy cows” (buffalo)Slide23

Spanish Rule

Spanish law established three types of settlements

Pueblos

were towns established as centers for trade

Missions

were religious communities that usually had a small town, farmland, and a church

Presidios

were forts, usually built near a missionSlide24

Social Classes

Upper class was

Spanish

natives: they owned the land and ran the local government

Creoles

were American born with Spanish parents

Mestizos

were Spanish/ Native mixed

Native Americans

Lastly the slaves (Africans)

Spain gave the conquistadors the right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans, basically enslaving them

Bartolome de Las Casas

, a priest, tried to protect them, and some basic laws were passed in 1542, but not always followedSlide25

Plantation system developed

Exported crops and raw materials back to Spain

Tobacco and sugarcane

Native Americans worked the land

Las Casas thought Africans were better suited to the work and encouraged the Spanish to use them instead

Slave trade developed

Spanish brought them from West Africa to North America

Portuguese brought them to Brazil

Las Casas would regret his suggestionSlide26